Al-Rawi, A., Groshek, J., & Zhang, L. (2019). What the fake? Assessing the extent of networked political spamming and bots in the propagation of #fakenews on Twitter. Online Information Review, 43(1), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-02-2018-0065
Bastos, M. T., & Mercea, D. (2019). The Brexit Botnet and User-Generated Hyperpartisan News. Social Science Computer Review, 37(1), 38–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317734157
Bovet, A., & Makse, H. A. (2019). Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2
Bradshaw, S., Bailey, H., & Howard, P. N. (2020). Industrialized Disinformation 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Computational Propaganda Research Project. https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/127/2021/01/CyberTroop-Report20-FINALv.3.pdf
Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2017). Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Computational Propaganda Research Project, 2017.12, 1–37. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cef7e8d9-27bf-4ea5-9fd6-855209b3e1f6
Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2018). Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Computational Propaganda Research Project, 26pp. http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2018/07/ct2018.pdf
Brummette, J., DiStaso, M., Vafeiadis, M., & Messner, M. (2018). Read All About It: The Politicization of “Fake News” on Twitter. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(2), 497–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018769906
Chavoshi, N., Hamooni, H., & Mueen, A. (2017). On-demand bot detection and archival system. 26th International World Wide Web Conference 2017, WWW 2017 Companion, April, 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3054733
Chavoshi, N., Hamooni, H., & Mueen, A. (2016). DeBot: Twitter Bot Detection via Warped Correlation. 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), December, 817–822. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2016.0096
Davis, C. A., Ferrara, E., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). BotOrNot : A System to Evaluate Social Bots. 273–274.
Del-Fresno-García, M. (2018). Politics, hackers and partisan networking. Misinformation, national utility and free election in the Catalan independence movement. El Profesional de La Información, 27(6), 1225. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.nov.06
Ehrenfeld, D., & Barton, M. (2019). Online Public Spheres in the Era of Fake News: Implications for the Composition Classroom. Computers and Composition, 54, 102525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2019.102525
Gelfert, A. (2018). Fake news: A definition. Informal Logic, 38(1), 84–117. https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v38i1.5068
Gephi. (2011). How to use algorithms that place the nodes inside the graphic space. Gephi.Org, 1–37. https://gephi.org/tutorials/gephi-tutorial-layouts.pdf
Grimme, C., Preuss, M., Adam, L., & Trautmann, H. (2017). Social Bots: Human-Like by Means of Human Control? Big Data, 5(4), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1089/big.2017.0044
Guilbeault, D. (2016). Growing bot security: An ecological view of bot agency. International Journal of Communication, 10(October), 5003–5021.
Hindman, M., & Barash, V. (2018). ‘Fake news’ and influence campaigns on Twitter. Knight Foundation, October, 1:62. https://knightfoundation.org/reports/disinformation-fake-news-and-influence-campaigns-on-twitter/%0Ahttps://knightfoundation.org/reports/disinformation-fake-news-and-influence-campaigns-on-twitter
Kalsnes, B. (2018). fake news.
NY Times. (2018, August 19). Trump Jr. and Other Aides Met With Gulf Emissary Offering Help to Win Election. NY Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/19/us/politics/trump-jr-saudi-uae-nader-prince-zamel.html
Pew Research Center. (2018). Bots in the Twittersphere. Pew Research Center. April 9, 2018. In Pew Research Center (Vol. 4, Issue April). https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/04/09/bots-in-the-twittersphere/
Pierri, F., Artoni, A., & Ceri, S. (2020). Investigating Italian disinformation spreading on Twitter in the context of 2019 European elections. PLoS ONE, 15(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227821
Pierri, F., Piccardi, C., & Ceri, S. (2020). Topology comparison of Twitter diffusion networks effectively reveals misleading information. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58166-5
Schlesinger, P. (2020). After the post-public sphere. Media, Culture and Society, 42(7–8), 1545–1563. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720948003
Subbanarasimha, R. P., Srinivasa, S., & Mandyam, S. (2020). Invisible Stories That Drive Online Social Cognition. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 7(5), 1264–1277. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2020.3009474
Symantec. (2018). How to Spot a Twitter Bot. Symantec. https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/election-security/spot-twitter-bot
Washington Post. (2022). Pentagon opens sweeping review of clandestine psychological operations. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/09/19/pentagon-psychological-operations-facebook-twitter/
Woolley, S. C., & Guilbeault, D. R. (2017). Computational Propaganda in the United States of America: Manufacturing Consensus Online. 5.
Yan, H. Y., Yang, K. C., Menczer, F., & Shanahan, J. (2020). Asymmetrical perceptions of partisan political bots. New Media and Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820942744
Yang, K. C., Varol, O., Davis, C. A., Ferrara, E., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2019). Arming the public with artificial intelligence to counter social bots. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.115
خبرآنلاین. (1401). ادعای جنجالی حامی طرح صیانت: به اسم افراد تاثیرگذار اکانت فیک می ساختیم. khabaronline.ir/xhLfv
دویچهوله. (1397). گزارش نیویورک تایمز از طرحی برای خرابکاری در اقتصاد ایران. دویچه وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/iran/a-46257722
روزنامه اعتماد. (1401). عصبانیت یک روزنامه از میلیونی شدن هشتگ مهسا امینی؛ اکثر هشتگزنندگان کاربران جدید توییترند یا قبلا فعالیتی نداشتند. روزنامه اعتماد. https://www.etemadonline.com/fa/tiny/news-576179
مک کامبز، م. ، و شاو، د. (1383). کارکرد برجسته سازی در مطبوعات. ب. ساروخانی و ا. مسعودی (Eds.), اندیشه های بنیادین علم ارتباطات (صص. 131–158). انتشارات خجسته.
