Interdisciplinary Studies in Media and Culture

Abstract Abstract
Religious authority in Islam—particularly within the Shi‘a tradition—has long played a central role in guiding the religious, legal, and social life of Muslim communities. However, with the intensification of globalization—especially in its cultural, communicative, and epistemological dimensions—the traditional structure of religious authority has encountered significant challenges. These transformations, influenced by the spread of communication technologies, the rise of epistemic individualism, the acceleration of information flows, and the expansion of interpretive horizons, have prompted a critical reassessment of authority within Islamic philosophical and theological discourse. This study focuses on the evolving nature of religious authority under globalization, asking how globalizing processes have reshaped the legitimacy, function, and influence of religious scholars within Islamic theological systems. The central hypothesis posits that globalization, by introducing a gap between classical religious structures and the contemporary landscape of religious knowledge, has not only disrupted the traditional patterns of ijtihad and religious education but has also facilitated the emergence of new religious actors and a reconfiguration of religious legitimacy. The research employs a qualitative content analysis methodology. The statistical population includes scholarly sources addressing Islamic theology, philosophy of religion, and the impacts of globalization, while the purposive sample consists of 15 rigorously selected academic books and articles. Findings suggest that Shi‘a religious authority today oscillates between resistance and adaptation to the dynamics of globalization: while some scholars strategically utilize new platforms and global discourses to reassert their influence, others remain committed to classical modes of religious authority and theological legitimacy.   Keywords: Religious authority, Islamic theology, philosophy of religion, globalization, ijtihad, religious legitimacy, theological challenges     Introduction Religious authority has been one of the central institutions in Islamic theology, particularly within the Shi'a tradition, where it extends beyond legal rulings to encompass spiritual, educational, and socio-political guidance. In recent decades, processes of globalization—through the spread of information technologies, cultural interconnectedness, and epistemic pluralism—have profoundly reshaped the conditions under which religious authority functions. While traditional religious authority was largely localized, hierarchical, and mediated through recognized scholarly structures, the global context has introduced new networks, discourses, and audiences that often bypass classical systems of validation and transmission. The research problem addressed in this study concerns the extent to which philosophical and theological challenges have impacted the traditional structure of religious authority in Islam under the forces of globalization. In particular, it interrogates the case of Shi'a religious authority, exploring whether classical theological justifications for the authority of fuqaha remain intact in a context where digital communication, democratized knowledge, and the erosion of epistemic boundaries challenge hierarchical religious structures.The study is grounded in the hypothesis that globalization has not only altered the mechanisms of knowledge production and dissemination but has also triggered a theological and philosophical crisis regarding the very nature of religious legitimacy, interpretation, and the authority to speak in the name of Islam.   Methods and Materials This study is qualitative in nature, employing a content analysis methodology with an interpretive approach. The selection of sources was based on purposive sampling criteria, focusing on works that engage directly with the intersection of Islamic theology, religious authority, and the sociocultural transformations induced by globalization. The research sample includes 18 scholarly sources—books, peer-reviewed articles, and doctoral dissertations—spanning Persian and English-language academic literature. Notable among these are works by Mohiuddin (2023), Whyte (2024), Takim (2007), and Mavani (2013) in English, and key Iranian scholars such as Kadivar, Firoozi, and Vaezi. In terms of thematic structure, the data were organized into conceptual clusters including: The theological foundations of religious authority The mechanisms of legitimacy in classical Shi’a thought The impact of global epistemological shifts The transformation of clerical roles in transnational contexts Each text was examined for its conceptual contribution to the understanding of religious authority, the challenges posed by modern conditions, and the proposed responses by scholars and institutions.   Results and Discussion The findings of the study reveal that globalization has challenged the authority of traditional maraji‘ (religious authorities) on multiple fronts. From a philosophical perspective, the universality and stability of truth claims—once rooted in metaphysical certainties and interpretive traditions—have come under pressure due to the relativistic and pluralistic tendencies of global discourse. This has led to a re-evaluation of concepts such as ijtihad, taqlid, and marja‘iyyah in Shi’a thought.. The study highlights several key developments: Erosion of monopoly in interpretation: The digital and global information environment has enabled a proliferation of voices claiming religious legitimacy, thereby undermining the exclusive interpretive authority of traditional scholars (Whyte, 2024; Ali, 2010). Emergence of alternative authorities: Religious influencers, online educators, and hybrid figures who blend secular and religious training now compete with classical scholars for legitimacy and public trust (Mohiuddin, 2023; Zaid et al., 2022). Shift in epistemological expectations: The new generation of Muslims—especially in urban, educated environments—demand transparent, dialogical, and rational forms of theological discourse. They are less willing to accept hierarchical authority that is not accountable or accessible (Jaya, 2024). Dual reaction of traditional authority: While some scholars have adapted by engaging with global platforms and reinterpreting traditional teachings for contemporary audiences (e.g., producing social media content, publishing in international forums), others have resisted the perceived dilution of authority and remained rooted in conventional modes of transmission (Vaezi, 2004; Bunt, 2018). These dynamics have profound implications not only for the transmission of Islamic knowledge but also for the nature of theological discourse itself. Questions of divine sovereignty, prophetic succession, and human agency—long-standing themes in kalam—are now being revisited in light of these shifting structures of authority.   Conclusion This study demonstrates that the phenomenon of globalization has triggered a multidimensional transformation in the domain of Islamic religious authority, particularly in Shi’a thought. These transformations are not merely sociological but deeply philosophical and theological. The traditional concept of religious authority—anchored in the structures of ijtihad, marja‘iyyah, and communal consensus—faces both internal and external challenges. The results suggest that religious authority is no longer a fixed institution but a dynamic field shaped by negotiation, contestation, and adaptation. The future of religious leadership in Islam will depend on its ability to engage with global realities while remaining faithful to theological integrity. For this, a renewed dialogue between classical kalam and contemporary philosophy of religion is not only beneficial but necessary. 

Abstract Abstract
this study investigates the impact of ISIS's media warfare on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research analyzes the official media content of ISIS, particularly its magazines Dabiq and Al-Naba, to examine how Iran is framed as a threatening and illegitimate state. The study aims to identify threatening themes and discursive strategies used by ISIS to incite violence, undermine legitimacy, and promote instability in Iran. Using a qualitative thematic analysis, the study analyzes purposefully selected content—including videos, statements, publications, and posters—produced between 2014 and 2022 that directly target Iran. Findings show that ISIS consistently portrays Iran as the “main enemy of Sunnis” and a “heretical regime,” employing terms like Rafidha, Taghut, and apostasy to delegitimize Iran’s religious and political identity. These narratives, delivered via social media and highly professional visual content, especially through Dabiq and Al-Naba, aim to inflame sectarian tensions, challenge Iran’s legitimacy, and incite violent actions against Iranian interests. This form of media warfare poses threats to Iran’s social cohesion, political legitimacy, and national stability. Keywords: Media Warfare, ISIS, National Security, Iran, Media Threats, Dabiq   Introduction Media warfare has emerged as a powerful strategy in the modern era, especially as an asymmetric tool employed by terrorist organizations to exert psychological, ideological, and political pressure on sovereign states. Unlike conventional warfare, media warfare leverages information technologies and communication platforms to manipulate public perception and propagate fear. ISIS (Daesh), as one of the most media-savvy terrorist groups, has extensively used digital platforms to disseminate its ideological narratives and destabilize its adversaries. Among its key targets is the Islamic Republic of Iran, which it portrays not only as a geopolitical rival but also as a heretical entity within the Islamic world. This study seeks to analyze how ISIS's media operations constitute a serious threat to the national security of Iran. Through a detailed examination of official ISIS media content, including Dabiq and Al-Naba, the research highlights how media narratives serve to challenge Iran’s religious legitimacy, incite sectarian division, and weaken public trust. In doing so, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how media warfare intersects with ideological radicalization and cognitive destabilization in the context of regional security threats.     Materials & Methods The study adopts a qualitative methodology, specifically thematic content analysis, to assess ISIS’s strategic use of media in targeting Iran. The data corpus includes a purposive sample of ISIS media products—namely, Persian-language video messages, digital posters, statements, and articles in Dabiq and Al-Naba—produced from 2014 to 2022. These items were selected based on their direct references to Iran or Shiite populations. The research follows Braun and Clarke’s six-phase model of thematic analysis. In the first stage, the researcher familiarized themselves with the data by reviewing and annotating each media item. In the second stage, initial codes were developed to identify core themes such as “sectarian provocation,” “delegitimization of Iranian state,” “promotion of jihad,” and “psychological warfare.” The axial coding stage enabled the clustering of related codes into broader thematic categories: identity-based threats, legitimacy-based threats, and psychological threats. The final stages involved refining themes, interpreting their broader implications, and relating the findings to theoretical frameworks from media and security studies. The study triangulates ISIS media with academic literature on propaganda, narrative warfare, and national security to ensure analytical rigor and relevance.     Discussion & Result The results of the study show that ISIS’s media content exhibits a coherent and aggressive narrative architecture aimed at destabilizing Iran on multiple fronts. In Dabiq, particularly Issue 13, Iran is framed as the culmination of historical deviation, with references to figures like Ibn Saba and apocalyptic narratives connecting Shiism to the coming of the Antichrist. The Shiite government is labeled as Rafidha and Taghut, denoting heretical and tyrannical elements. This semantic strategy seeks to create an existential dichotomy: ISIS as the true Islamic vanguard versus Iran as the ultimate internal threat. In Al-Naba, ISIS employs a more journalistic tone but remains ideologically rigid. Issues referencing attacks in Iran, such as the Shah Cheragh shrine attack, justify violence as part of divine duty to eliminate heresy. These messages are disseminated through social media and encrypted channels, often accompanied by professionally designed visuals that reinforce fear and spectacle. The study found three primary thematic strategies in ISIS media: -Identity Subversion – Delegitimizing Iran’s Shiite identity and fostering sectarian polarization. -Political Destabilization – Undermining the state’s legitimacy by depicting it as a tyrannical, apostate regime. -Psychological Manipulation – Spreading fear and confusion through violent imagery and symbolic threats targeting national symbols like martyrdom (e.g., Mohsen Hojaji). ISIS’s media warfare creates a fragmented informational landscape that challenges Iran's internal unity. The group weaponizes cultural symbols and religious rhetoric to erode national cohesion, amplify socio-political grievances, and attract vulnerable audiences to its cause.     Conclusion The findings of this study confirm that ISIS’s media operations represent a multidimensional threat to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This threat is not merely physical or military but deeply psychological, ideological, and sociopolitical. By strategically deploying narratives that challenge Iran’s religious identity, political legitimacy, and social unity, ISIS aims to destabilize Iran from within using non-kinetic means. The study contributes three key insights. First, media content in Dabiq and Al-Naba reveals a highly structured propaganda model tailored to Persian-speaking audiences, with specific references to Iranian political, religious, and cultural contexts. Second, the threats posed by ISIS are not isolated but interconnected across cognitive, ideological, and symbolic dimensions. Third, the study introduces a conceptual model categorizing media threats into identity, legitimacy, and psychological domains—each of which demands targeted counterstrategies. To mitigate these threats, Iranian national security and media policy must integrate counter-narrative strategies that address both the content and emotional logic of ISIS propaganda. This includes investing in strategic communication, enhancing public media literacy, and building digital resilience. Only through understanding and dismantling the narrative foundations of ISIS’s media warfare can Iran protect its national unity and ideological integrity in the face of evolving terrorist threats. 

Abstract Abstract This study investigates the role of information ethics in the information-seeking behavior of humanities students within virtual environments, focusing specifically on the dual dimensions of "censorship and content control" and "freedom of information access." Addressing a significant research gap, the study integrates Wilson’s information behavior model and Floridi’s information ethics framework to analyze how these factors jointly influence students’ academic practices. Employing a qualitative grounded theory approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 faculty members from interdisciplinary fields. Thematic coding revealed that unrestricted access enhances research quality and engagement, while censorship fosters reliance on unofficial sources and increases the risk of academic misconduct. The findings underscore the necessity for robust infrastructural support and targeted ethics education to promote responsible information use. The study proposes a conceptual model to inform policy and educational strategies aimed at improving ethical information-seeking and reducing negative outcomes such as plagiarism and misinformation. Keywords: Information ethics; Humanities students; Virtual environment; Information-seeking behavior; Censorship; Freedom of access; Grounded theory     Introduction The rapid expansion of digital technologies and artificial intelligence has transformed the landscape of academic information-seeking, introducing new ethical challenges for students and educators alike. In the absence of a comprehensive ethical framework, academic integrity and the quality of research outputs are at risk. This study responds to the urgent need for a holistic model that addresses both the opportunities and risks associated with freedom of access and censorship in digital academic environments. By examining the interaction between these two dimensions, the research aims to provide actionable insights for universities, policymakers, and students, particularly within the context of Iranian higher education.   Materials and Methods A qualitative research design based on grounded theory was adopted to explore the complexities of information ethics in academic settings. The study population comprised faculty members from information science, communication, media, philosophy, law, and technology departments at Iranian universities. Purposeful sampling ensured a diverse range of perspectives, with 23 participants selected for their interdisciplinary expertise and experience. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted both in-person and online. The analysis followed Strauss and Corbin’s three-stage coding process—open, axial, and selective coding—to identify recurring themes and develop a conceptual model of ethical information-seeking behavior.   Discussion & Result Analysis revealed that freedom of access to information significantly facilitates students’ research activities, enabling more comprehensive searches, critical evaluation, and effective use of academic resources. However, infrastructural limitations, financial constraints, and lack of evaluative skills often drive students toward unofficial or unreliable sources, compromising research quality. Conversely, censorship and content control, often justified on grounds of national security or policy, were found to restrict information flow, suppress creativity, and increase the prevalence of misinformation and academic dishonesty. The study identified key factors influencing ethical information behavior, including individual attitudes, institutional policies, and the broader socio-technical environment. Strategic recommendations include enhancing digital infrastructure, integrating ethics education into curricula, and developing transparent content management protocols.   Conclusion The interplay between information access and censorship exerts a profound influence on the ethical information-seeking behavior of humanities students in virtual academic environments. The study’s grounded theory approach yielded a nuanced conceptual model that highlights the importance of balancing freedom and control to foster academic integrity and research excellence. Practical recommendations emphasize the need for policy reforms, targeted training, and infrastructural investments to support ethical information practices. The findings offer a valuable roadmap for educators, administrators, and policymakers seeking to navigate the evolving challenges of information ethics in the digital age.

Abstract Abstract Now, one of the most important memory institutions, namely social media, has taken on the structuring of collective memory. Social media uses artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to analyze data and information recorded from users or big data. Algorithmic selection of social media by classifying, highlighting, deleting and heterogeneity in the level of visibility of users' content, as an application of memory politics that limits and defines narratives for remembering and forgetting. And by creating gaps in memory, it causes collective forgetting and the disintegration of collective memory. The present interdisciplinary research, with a qualitative approach in the tradition of cultural studies, using the grounded theory method and Strauss' coding model, with theoretical and purposeful sampling of interview texts, Instagram, articles and books of collective memory and observation of related activities and events, has examined the algorithmic memory politics and its impact on the postmodern discourse of collective memory in Iran. The findings indicate that the central phenomenon of the research is related to all the main categories of power relations, digital knowledge, ideology and global inequality, memory of resistance, and the crisis of identity and meaning in the postmodern social situation. Keywords: Algorithmic memory politics, Postmodern collective memory discourse, Cultural studies, Grounded theory method, Artificial intelligence algorithms, Social media                 Introduction According to a report by the reputable website Datareportal (datareportal.com), in 2024, Instagram social media topped the list of the most used social media in Iran with more than 46 million registered users and 31 million active users. Instagram has become an effective arena for expressing new and personal narratives of the history of Iran and the world and creating new methods of identification and has provided a vast opportunity to revise collective memory. With the increase in the number of users, social media has become more powerful in analysis, decision-making, political polarization and influencing public opinion due to the collection, recording and analysis of user data or big data. Big data is also used to predict future events, unrest and emerging social movements with the help of algorithmic calculations. Automatic social media algorithms select and prioritize data to present to the user, and by displaying or not displaying, classifying, and creating asymmetry and inequality in access to information, they can potentially prevent users from using all the information available on the network. Also, the need to pay attention to the position of interdisciplinary studies in communication sciences, cultural studies, and media has led the present study to examine the politics of algorithmic memory and its impact on the postmodern discourse of collective memory in Iran.   Materials and Methods This qualitative research was conducted based on the tradition of cultural studies and using the grounded theory method. Data collection was done through a library method and to ensure the validity and reliability of the research, theoretical and purposive sampling was used until theoretical saturation was reached. Coding was done on sixteen interview texts with relevant experts, whose interview texts have been published in research journals as well as on specialized computer science and communication websites. The interview texts were used as secondary data for data collection. In the open coding stage, 130 codes were extracted using the Glasser and Strauss questioning framework. Then, axial coding was done based on Strauss's coding paradigm. Causal conditions (information capitalism economy, political control of social media, symbolic power of social media and technical and network causes), contextual conditions (diversity and plurality of media, sources and places of memory in the postmodern social situation). The intervening conditions (ideology and global inequality), the central category (algorithmic memory politics), the strategies of action and interaction (memory of resistance and digital struggle), as well as the consequences of action and interaction (conflict of memories, sense of alienation, and crisis of identity and meaning) were separately identified. The politics of algorithmic memory was identified from the selective coding stage as the main phenomenon of the research and by setting the propositions, the main categories were linked to it. Then, the propositions were expanded in the form of a new theory and expressed as the findings of the research.   Discussion & Result As one of the most important institutions for the structure of collective memory, social media uses automated algorithms, algorithmic calculations, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to select and aggregate items to be remembered or forgotten. Therefore, a kind of memory policy called algorithmic memory policy is applied to access the content produced and shared by users on social media. In the postmodern discourse of collective memory, collective memory controlled by state memory policy as well as algorithmic memory policy that is constructed to legitimize power relations and under the rule of ideological values ​​and instrumental rationality will be a disjointed, multiple, and incoherent memory whose collective validity is contested and doubted, except in times of collective disasters and traumatic situations. This in itself creates the basis for the diversity and proliferation of memories and ultimately exacerbates memory conflicts and crises of identity and meaning. This has paved the way for the spread of all kinds of extremism, cultural particularism, and religious fundamentalism in pursuit of ethnic, racial, sexual, etc. identities, and despite the increase in the production of political content among users, it has led to consumerism and apoliticality.   Conclusion As automated social media algorithms, based on observability based on the attention economy and machine learning, act as memory policies and apply a kind of content selection policy in presenting content to users. Which content is deleted, made invisible, which content is displayed to which user and how many times, it is crucial that we more carefully examine and research the authenticity of the content presented and not make social networks the only authoritative and reliable source as the narrator of our historical past.

Abstract   Abctract Increasing environmental awareness to children through educational computer games is considered a vital goal. In fact, this new media teaches them to be responsible for the preservation and protection of the surrounding environment through respect for natural resources. The upcoming research, while introducing such games to art curators, with a focus on teaching environmental experience in order to create culture for children, has analyzed the educational computer game Mission Eleven from the semiotic perspective of "John Fiske", and the authors are trying to respond to The question is, what kind of skills can a child acquire through this game in order to protect the environment? The research method is descriptive-analytical (with developmental-applicative aim) and the method of collecting information is in the form of library and documents. On this basis, attention has been paid to the collection of information about the environmental issue in the game Mission Eleven, and the multi-meaning nature of the texts has been analyzed with the transitional, ritual and receiving approach in the semiotics of John Fiske in this game, in order to understand the role of such community-oriented media in the direction of education and Check the protection of the environment. The results of the research show that the role of game designers as message senders is considered unimportant from Fisk's point of view, and on the other hand, the production of meaning that a child receives from the said game is different from the understanding and interpretation of a child in another culture and society. On the other hand, the way of producing meaning depends on the culture of that society, which makes the importance of the environment and necessary education to preserve natural resources seem important and practical. At the same time, the acquisition of skills in recognizing environmental problems and the ability to solve problems in the face of crises have been considered to the extent of the child's ability in the studied game. Keywords: environment, educational computer game, mission eleven, semiotics, John Fiske   Introduction  Enhancing children’s environmental awareness through educational computer games is increasingly recognized as essential. These games encourage children to view themselves as responsible for the protection of their environment through respect for natural resources. This study introduces Mission Eleven to cultural and artistic authorities and examines it from John Fiske’s semiotic perspective, focusing on the ways the game fosters environmental experience and builds a culture of ecological responsibility among children. The primary research question investigates the types of environmental preservation skills children can develop through engaging with this game. Using a descriptive–analytical method, data were collected from library and documentary sources. Environmental issues embedded within the game were analyzed using Fiske’s three semiotic models—transmissive, ritual, and receiving—to understand the role of community-oriented media in environmental education and resource preservation.   Materials and Methods
This qualitative study is situated within the field of childhood studies, exploring the potential of educational computer games with an environmental focus. The research adopts a descriptive–analytical design, utilizing both library and documentary sources for theoretical and semiotic analysis, as well as field research. Field data were collected over a two-day period of gameplay, documenting children’s interactions with the game and their learning about environmental preservation. These community-oriented artistic technologies have significant potential for replication and adaptation in other educational games. The study applies John Fiske’s semiotic framework to a locally developed educational computer game, Mission Eleven, selected for its diverse visual content, structured educational stages, and positive user feedback compared to non-local games. The findings indicate that the game effectively delivers environmental education, fostering knowledge and skills in children related to sustainability, resource conservation, and ecological problem-solving.   Discussion and Results
A key factor in Mission Eleven is the interaction between the child and the game, which influences the child’s understanding of environmental issues and motivates responsible behavior toward natural resources. The game follows a main narrative line while allowing children the freedom to progress, unlock new stages, and gain points, fostering engagement and a sense of agency. According to Fiske’s receiving approach, children play a central role in decoding the game’s messages, interpreting stages, and constructing meanings. The game’s polysemy enables children to derive multiple interpretations and develop a broad understanding of environmental concepts as they advance. Fiske’s notion of popular appeal extends beyond empathetic understanding and freedom of choice to include creative graphics, simple and dynamic visuals, child-friendly colors, excitement, rewards, and points, all designed to enhance visual enjoyment and engagement. Pleasure in gameplay, therefore, serves as a vehicle for meaning-making, with the transmission of messages producing diverse interpretations depending on the age and cultural context of the child. Children not only modify their own behavior through the game but may also influence their parents and peers, generating social interactions that reinforce environmental awareness. In the transmissive approach, children’s interpretation of each stage is central to meaning-making. Educational cues embedded in the game communicate messages about environmental preservation and natural resource protection. Fiske emphasizes that audiences’ interpretive agency allows them to generate meaning independently of the game designers’ intentions. In the ritual approach, meaning is shaped by cultural context and social negotiation. Commercial influences or parental involvement may introduce alternative interpretations, highlighting that the production of meaning depends on societal norms and cultural familiarity with environmental education. For instance, children in countries with early environmental education exposure may interpret the game differently than children in contexts where such education is limited. Finally, in the receiving approach, the game’s polysemy and multi-layered structure allow children to construct a wide range of meanings, enhancing both learning and enjoyment. Fiske’s concept of popular appeal is evident in the game’s design, which combines educational content with engaging gameplay elements to facilitate both knowledge acquisition and experiential pleasure. This dual function—educational and entertaining—supports the development of meaning-making behaviors, encourages active participation, and strengthens environmental learning outcomes. Conclusion
This study demonstrates that educational computer games such as Mission Eleven are effective tools for fostering environmental awareness among children. Through interactive engagement, children acquire practical skills in nature conservation, optimal use of resources, recycling, and waste reduction, while also influencing the attitudes of those around them. The application of John Fiske’s semiotic framework highlights the importance of audience agency, polysemy, and cultural context in meaning-making, revealing how educational games can transmit knowledge, foster social interaction, and produce meaningful learning experiences. By integrating entertainment with pedagogy, such games provide children with both enjoyment and a foundation for lifelong environmental responsibility.

Abstract Abstract This study explores the impact of traditional and modern media on the increasing crime rates, with an emphasis on the cultural criminology approach. The primary question is how media influences criminal activities—whether its effects are predominantly negative or if media can also play a role in crime prevention. The central hypothesis suggests that media, by amplifying crime news, normalizing deviant behaviors, and creating misleading role models, contributes to crime escalation. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method, the research relies on library resources and online data. Findings indicate that media influences societal behavior through mechanisms like crime normalization, violence promotion, imitation, and even criminal idolization. The study also highlights theories such as moral panic, broken windows, and social control to substantiate the direct and indirect roles of media in escalating crime. Moreover, the research underscores the potential for media to play a preventive role by promoting education and cultural awareness. The findings underscore the necessity of revising media policies to mitigate negative effects and leverage media's preventive capacities. Keywords: Cultural Criminology, Media and Crime, Media's Impact on Crime, Media's Role in Crime Escalation   Introduction Modern media has transformed the way societies communicate and interact. With the integration of digital platforms into daily life, media's influence on behaviors, particularly criminal tendencies, has grown. Cultural criminology examines this influence by linking media content to the normalization of deviance and the escalation of crimes. Media, whether traditional or digital, has the power to mold societal norms and values, either fostering harmony or exacerbating discontent. The research focuses on media's dual role in crime escalation and prevention, with a case study of its impact in Iran.     Methods and Materials A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, utilizing qualitative data from library resources and online content. The study's framework rests on cultural criminology theories, including moral panic, broken windows, and social control, to assess how media contributes to or mitigates crime rates. Data were critically analyzed to explore mechanisms like normalization of crime, glorification of criminal acts, and imitation facilitated by media portrayals.     Results and Discussion Media as a Catalyst for Crime Normalization Media's frequent and detailed reporting of crimes inadvertently normalizes deviance. This phenomenon diminishes the perceived severity of certain crimes, making them more acceptable in societal consciousness. For example, repetitive coverage of theft or violent crimes might desensitize audiences, fostering a sense of inevitability or acceptability. Imitation and Crime Propagation The study finds strong evidence of media serving as a conduit for imitative behaviors. Graphic depictions of crimes, criminal methodologies, or even glorification of criminals can inspire viewers to replicate such actions, particularly among impressionable demographics like children and adolescents. Idolization of Criminals The portrayal of criminals as charismatic or successful individuals in media narratives often turns them into inadvertent role models. Films and TV shows depicting lavish lifestyles of criminals can motivate individuals to pursue similar paths for fame or fortune. Positive Roles of Media in Crime Prevention Despite its potential drawbacks, media also has a powerful preventive capacity. Public awareness campaigns, educational programs, and cultural initiatives can counteract crime-inducing narratives. Promoting empathy, civic responsibility, and the consequences of crime through documentaries and news stories can deter criminal behaviors.   Conclusion The study underscores the duality of media's role in influencing crime. While it often serves as a catalyst for criminal behaviors by normalizing deviance, promoting imitation, and idolizing criminals, media also holds significant potential as a preventive tool. Strategic utilization of media to educate, inform, and culturally enrich societies can significantly mitigate crime rates. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive media policies to balance its dual roles.

Abstract  Abstract This study explores the impact of celebrity culture on the value system and norms of love as portrayed in Persian rap lyrics. Taking a constructivist approach, the research views love as a cultural and fluid phenomenon that undergoes semantic transformation through interaction with elements such as fame, consumerism, and media. To this end, three main research questions are posed, and the lyrics of songs by Sasy Mankan, Behzad Leito, and Talkdown from the past three years have been analyzed using thematic analysis in MAXQDA software. The findings point to the emergence of a form of “the celebritization of love,” characterized by economic emotions, relationship instability, sexual impulsivity, and self-branding through romantic relationships. This type of love is expressed through “cool discourse,” “cool behavior,” and “cool environments” toward the romantic partner. Based on the extracted themes, cultural contexts such as consumer culture, the value of visibility, the aesthetics of fame, and media hyperreality play a key role in shaping and reinforcing it. In conclusion, fame culture acts as a dominant force shaping the fluidity and instability of contemporary romantic relationships. The celebritization of love not only derives its meaning from the codes of fame culture but, influenced by its visual and symbolic logic, is transformed into a dazzling, commodified performance aimed at public display in a spectacle-driven marketplace. Keywords: the celebritization of love, Persian rap, celebrity culture, sociology of love, Sasy, Behzad Leito.   INTRODUCTION This study explores the interplay between celebrity culture and the concept of love as articulated in the realm of contemporary Persian rap music. Drawing on the dystopian narrative of Fifteen Million Merits from the Black Mirror series, the research engages with the commodification of love in hyper-mediated societies where fame, consumerism, and digital surveillance coalesce. The episode exemplifies how even personal emotions, such as love, are subsumed into the logic of spectacle and consumption an insight that mirrors broader transformations in the cultural experience of intimacy. Sociological theorists such as Ellis Cashmore and Tom Mole have traced the entanglement of fame with consumer culture and its influence on identity and aesthetics. While Cashmore highlights the economic logic underpinning contemporary desires, Mole situates celebrity as a historically embedded, multimedia phenomenon. Building on these perspectives, this study posits that love, much like other forms of affect, is increasingly filtered through market-driven values, particularly within youth-oriented cultural products. Within the Iranian context, where processes of modernization, globalization, and media saturation have intersected in unique ways, the emergence of Persian rap represents a vital cultural site. This genre, second in popularity only to pop among Iranian youth, reflects shifting attitudes toward identity, lifestyle, and emotional expression. The study responds to the need for sociologically informed analyses of how love is represented and reshaped within this influential cultural domain. Therefore, this research aims to critically examine how celebrity culture influences the construction of love in Persian rap songs from the past three years. Through this lens, it addresses broader transformations in the value systems surrounding romantic relationships in contemporary Iranian society, particularly among younger generations. Due to the fluid nature of this study's topic spanning celebrity culture, sociology of love, and music directly comparable research is scarce. However, prior studies provide partial insights: works on liquid love (e.g, Bauman’s theory) explore individualization and instability in modern relationships; others examine representations of love in Iranian pop music; and some focus on celebrity culture’s impact on bodies and intimacy. While these studies inform this research theoretically, none has simultaneously addressed the intersection of love, celebrity culture, and Persian rap music. This study uniquely highlights how celebrity culture constructs love within the lyrical and cultural space of contemporary Iranian rap.   Materials & Methods This qualitative study investigates the construction of love in Persian rap music influenced by celebrity culture. Data were collected from the Radio Javan platform, focusing on songs by Sasy Mankan, Behzad Leito, and Talk Down, selected through purposive sampling based on genre relevance, popularity, and follower count. A total of 85 songs released over a three-year period were reviewed, of which 33 were thematically aligned with the research aim. Thematic analysis was conducted using MAXQDA. Lyrics were transcribed, repeatedly reviewed, and coded in relation to three research questions. Validity was ensured through transparent sampling criteria, systematic coding, theoretical grounding, and multiple rounds of thematic refinement to align findings with the study’s conceptual framework.   Discussion & Result The findings of this study reveal that the concept of "the celebritization of love" is a distinctive construct emerging within the lyrical and aesthetic framework of contemporary Persian rap. This form of love is shaped through alignment with the norms and values of celebrity culture and is characterized by four core features: economic emotions, relationship instability, sexual impulsivity, and self-branding through love. Economic emotions reflect a rationalized, benefit-oriented logic within emotional relationships, where pleasure-seeking and individualism dominate, reducing love to a calculative pursuit of gratification. Instability manifests through fluid and transient relationships, echoing Zygmunt Bauman's concept of liquid love, with a clear detachment from traditional commitments and emotional depth. Sexual impulsivity marks another central trait, emphasizing immediate, surface-level desire rather than enduring emotional connection. This tendency reinforces the view of love as a vehicle for showcasing desirability and autonomy. Self-branding through love, meanwhile, highlights how individuals utilize romantic and sexual relationships to elevate their social image, turning intimacy into a tool for visibility, prestige, and digital attention. In terms of expression, love is conveyed through a "cool" discourse infused with irony, humor, and references to popular culture and celebrity icons. Behaviorally, romantic gestures often mirror the luxury-driven, hyper-visual lifestyle of celebrities. Culturally, these representations are rooted in a broader atmosphere where fame, consumption, and media visibility converge to shape emotional norms. Together, these findings illustrate how Persian rap music reflects and reproduces a form of love that is emotionally stylized, performative, and deeply embedded in the logic of celebrity culture. The study identifies four key cultural foundations contributing to the emergence of the celebritization of love in Persian rap music. First, consumer culture promotes commodified relationships and a "live in the moment" ethos, emphasizing pleasure over permanence. Second, the value of visibility positions fame whether offline, online, or celebrity-level as a key metric of romantic worth. Third, celebrity aesthetics, shaped by beauty ideals from fashion industries and celebrity resemblance, dictate desirability. Finally, media hyperreality blurs the boundary between real and performative intimacy, fostering relationships built on symbolic consumption, digital presence, and idealized imagery rather than authentic emotional connection.     Conclusion The analysis of selected Persian rap songs reveals a distinct form of love what this study terms the celebritization of love. Rooted in Bauman’s theory of liquid love, this form emerges within a celebrity-driven, media-saturated, consumer culture. Rather than being a personal or intimate experience, love is legitimized only when it is visible, endorsed, and socially reproduced. The celebritization of love is performative, shaped through references to famous figures, luxury goods, and popular trends. It is expressed through "cool" and playful aesthetics, where romantic worth is linked to public appeal, online visibility, and alignment with media-based ideals. The lover becomes an object of valuation, defined by appearance, social media following, and symbolic capital. Unlike traditional or spiritual forms of love, this model turns intimacy into a spectacle. As rap lyrics suggest, love unfolds in festive, high-consumption spaces, leaving little room for vulnerability or loss. It becomes not what one feels, but how well one is seen feeling it.

Abstract  
Abstract:
 
Rising healthcare costs alongside the rapid circulation of health misinformation across digital platforms have positioned health literacy as a critical priority in public health policy, particularly in developing contexts such as Iran. This study aimed to design and empirically validate a comprehensive media-based model for enhancing community health literacy and contributing to reduced healthcare costs. A sequential mixed-methods approach was employed. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews with seven experts in health communication and media studies were analyzed using axial and selective coding, yielding ten key dimensions aligned with Nutbeam’s functional, interactive, and critical health literacy framework. These findings informed a 77-item questionnaire administered to 382 hospitalized patients in Tehran. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), demonstrating strong reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.957) and content validity. The results showed that social media exerted the strongest effect on health literacy, followed by socio-cultural factors and insurance services, with all hypothesized relationships statistically supported. The findings highlight the strategic role of culturally embedded digital media and institutional supports in shaping health literacy and provide an evidence-based framework to guide policymakers, health communicators, and media professionals in implementing targeted, cost-effective interventions in Iran.
Keywords: Health literacy; Media literacy; Health communication; Digital media; Healthcare costs; Iran
 
Introduction
Health systems worldwide are increasingly challenged by two converging phenomena: the rapid proliferation of health misinformation across digital and social media platforms, and the persistent rise in healthcare costs. These developments have elevated health literacy to a central concern for public health policy, health communication, and patient-centered care. Health literacy is defined as the ability of individuals to access, understand, critically evaluate, and apply health information to make informed decisions regarding prevention, treatment, and health promotion. Evidence consistently links limited health literacy to poorer health outcomes, increased hospitalization, inefficient healthcare utilization, and avoidable economic burdens.
In developing countries such as Iran, structural and socio-economic barriers—including disparities in healthcare access, fragmented communication infrastructures, and limited institutional support—amplify the consequences of low health literacy. Digital and social media serve as both opportunities and challenges: while they can facilitate education, engagement, and empowerment, they also propagate misinformation and reinforce inequalities. Accordingly, there is a pressing need for a comprehensive, culturally grounded model that leverages media to strengthen health literacy while accounting for social, cultural, economic, and institutional determinants. This study aims to design and empirically validate such a media-based model for Iran, drawing on Nutbeam’s three-level framework of functional, interactive, and critical health literacy, with the ultimate goal of enhancing informed health decision-making and reducing healthcare costs.
 
Materials and Methods
A sequential mixed-methods design was employed, integrating qualitative exploration with quantitative validation to ensure conceptual depth and empirical rigor. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven experts in health communication, public health, and media studies, selected through snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were transcribed and analyzed using axial and selective coding, yielding ten core dimensions influencing health literacy. These dimensions were categorized according to Nutbeam’s framework:
Functional level: social media use, internet-based health communication, patient knowledge and awareness.
Interactive level: patient engagement, competency of health journalists, physician quality and expertise.
Critical level: socio-cultural factors, insurance services, healthcare costs, and broader economic conditions.
Based on these qualitative findings, a structured 77-item questionnaire was developed and administered to 382 hospitalized patients across public and private hospitals in Tehran Province. The sample size was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table to ensure statistical adequacy. Content validity was confirmed by expert review, and internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.957). Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and SmartPLS, employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesized relationships and evaluate the overall model fit.
 
Results and Discussion
The PLS-SEM results indicated that social media exerted the strongest influence on health literacy (β = 0.211), highlighting its central role in shaping knowledge, attitudes, and health-related behaviors. Socio-cultural factors (β = 0.201) and insurance services (β = 0.197) were the next most significant determinants. Other variables—including economic conditions, internet-based communication, patient knowledge, healthcare costs, journalist competency, physician quality, and patient participation—also had statistically significant effects. All hypothesized relationships were supported, confirming the robustness of the model.
These findings emphasize that health literacy is not solely an individual cognitive skill but a multidimensional construct embedded within media ecosystems, institutional frameworks, and socio-cultural contexts. The dominant role of social media underscores the need for culturally sensitive, evidence-based, and professionally governed digital health communication. The impact of insurance services illustrates the importance of structural supports in reducing financial barriers, enhancing access, and motivating individuals to actively seek and apply health information. Integrating media dynamics with institutional and socio-cultural determinants provides a comprehensive understanding of health literacy development and its potential to reduce unnecessary healthcare utilization and costs.

Abstract Abstract
this study examines the phenomenon of narrative warfare in media, focusing on a comparative analysis of how the Resistance Axis is represented across Iranian, Western, and Israeli media platforms. The central question of the research is: How is the Resistance Axis portrayed in Iranian, Western, Arab, and Zionist media? The hypothesis suggests that Iranian media frame the Resistance Axis as a legitimate and defensive front against foreign threats, whereas Western and Israeli media portray it as a danger to global and regional security. Employing content analysis methodology, the study draws on reports, articles, and commentaries from Iranian, Western, and Israeli media sources. The findings reveal that Iranian media depict the Resistance Axis as a symbol of legitimate defense and resistance against global hegemony, while Western and Israeli outlets frame it as a destabilizing and threatening force. These opposing narratives underscore the presence of narrative warfare and its impact on international politics.
Keywords: Resistance Axis, Media Representation, Narrative Warfare, Iranian Media, Western Media, Security Discourse
 
Introduction
In the modern media ecosystem, narrative framing has become a powerful tool in shaping public opinion, legitimizing state policies, and influencing international perception. The Resistance Axis—a coalition of political and military groups supported by Iran, including Hezbollah, Hamas, and Ansarullah—has emerged as a key focal point in Middle Eastern geopolitics. While Iranian state media portray the Resistance Axis as a legitimate and moral response to foreign aggression, Western and Israeli outlets consistently frame it as a threat to regional and global security. This duality reflects a broader phenomenon often referred to as "narrative warfare," in which competing actors construct contrasting representations of the same events or entities to advance their strategic interests. Narrative warfare, particularly in the context of Middle East conflicts, is not limited to physical confrontations. Rather, it involves symbolic and communicative struggles over meaning, legitimacy, and authority. Given the centrality of media in these processes, analyzing how various media actors represent the Resistance Axis can shed light on deeper ideological contests between state and non-state actors in the region. This study aims to fill the gap in comparative media analysis by systematically examining the framing patterns across different geopolitical and ideological media landscapes.
Materials and Methods
This study adopts a qualitative content analysis methodology to explore the discursive construction of the Resistance Axis in Iranian, Western, and Israeli media. The research sample consists of 20 strategically selected news reports, analyses, and feature articles published between 2023 and 2024. These texts were drawn from state-affiliated Iranian outlets such as IRNA, Kayhan, and Tasnim; prominent Western media such as BBC, Reuters, and The New York Times; and leading Israeli media including Haaretz and Yedioth Ahronoth. The sampling method was purposive, focusing on texts that directly address the Resistance Axis or its key members (e.g., Hezbollah, Hamas, Ansarullah). Each text was subjected to three levels of coding—open, axial, and selective—to extract patterns related to narrative themes, value judgments, emotional tone, and ideological framing. Categories such as "legitimacy," "security threat," "moral justification," and "regional stability" were used to compare the discourses. The analysis aimed to identify both explicit frames (e.g., language describing military actions) and implicit assumptions (e.g., notions of sovereignty, resistance, and terrorism).
Discussion & Result
The findings reveal sharp contrasts in the way the Resistance Axis is framed across different media domains. Iranian media consistently construct the Resistance Axis as a symbol of righteous struggle against Western imperialism and Zionist aggression. These narratives emphasize values such as sovereignty, sacrifice, anti-colonial resistance, and Islamic unity. Reports from outlets like IRNA and Kayhan portray Hezbollah and Hamas as defenders of oppressed populations, using emotionally resonant language and religious references to reinforce the moral superiority of the Axis. The narrative is tightly linked with Iran’s regional foreign policy, positioning the country as the ideological and logistical center of anti-hegemonic resistance. In contrast, Western and Israeli media adopt a markedly securitized and delegitimizing discourse. The New York Times, BBC, and Haaretz frequently describe the Resistance Axis using terms such as “terrorist groups,” “Iranian proxies,” and “regional destabilizers.” These outlets emphasize rocket attacks, anti-Israel rhetoric, and the alleged manipulation of sectarian divides. The Resistance Axis is portrayed not as a popular movement, but as an instrument of Iranian expansionism and a direct threat to the peace and stability of the Middle East. Israeli media, in particular, amplify existential fears by framing groups like Hezbollah as existential threats to Israeli survival. Emotional appeals center around civilian casualties, border insecurity, and military escalation. Interestingly, the study found that Western media narratives often omit the broader context of occupation, blockade, or systemic inequalities, which are central to the Iranian portrayal. Conversely, Iranian media rarely acknowledge the civilian impact of Resistance Axis operations or internal criticisms of Iran’s regional policies. This selective framing on all sides contributes to a polarized information environment in which audiences are exposed only to narratives that align with their political identities. From a theoretical perspective, these dynamics confirm Michel Foucault’s concept of discourse as a vehicle for power and knowledge. Media narratives do not merely report reality; they produce reality by organizing perception and legitimizing certain worldviews. The study also resonates with Goffman’s framing theory, as it illustrates how strategic selection and emphasis in reporting can direct public interpretation toward desired conclusions.
 
Conclusion
This research demonstrates that the representation of the Resistance Axis in media is a site of intense narrative conflict. The Iranian, Western, and Israeli media each construct distinct and often contradictory portrayals, driven by ideological orientations and strategic interests. For Iranian media, the Resistance Axis serves as an extension of national identity and anti-imperialist defiance. For Western and Israeli media, it represents a security threat that must be contained or neutralized. These divergent narratives are not simply academic debates—they influence diplomatic relations, public attitudes, and even conflict trajectories. The study underscores the urgent need for critical media literacy among global audiences. Understanding how narratives are constructed, why certain frames are emphasized, and what is omitted, is essential for navigating the complex realities of geopolitical conflict. Moreover, media producers must recognize their ethical responsibility in avoiding dehumanization and promoting balanced reporting, particularly in regions fraught with prolonged violence. Ultimately, narrative warfare is not merely about telling stories—it is about shaping worldviews, identities, and political actions. The Resistance Axis, as portrayed in competing narratives, is both a military entity and a symbol. How it is framed can either escalate conflict or open the possibility for dialogue. Thus, engaging with media narratives critically is a vital step toward more informed and potentially reconciliatory international discourse.

Abstract Abstract This study explores the impact of violent video games on juvenile delinquency among children and adolescents in Ahvaz Juvenile Correctional Center. It examines the relationships between independent variables—usage of violent video games, accessibility to such games, and education on proper usage—and the dependent variable, juvenile delinquency. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, the research utilized library studies and a researcher-developed questionnaire to gather data. Validity and reliability were confirmed through expert review and Cronbach's alpha tests. The sample consisted of 109 valid respondents from a population of 132 juveniles aged 12-18. Findings revealed a significant negative impact of proper education on delinquency, while easy access to violent games and excessive gaming had strong positive correlations with antisocial behaviors. Keywords: Juvenile Delinquency, Violent Video Games, Antisocial Behavior, Parental Education, Video Game Accessibility   Introduction In recent decades, media and technology have become integral to children's and adolescents' lives, with video games occupying a significant role due to their interactive and visually engaging nature. While video games offer cognitive and problem-solving benefits, concerns about their impact on social and behavioral development are growing. Violent video games, in particular, have drawn attention for potentially normalizing aggressive behaviors and fostering juvenile delinquency. Children in their formative years are especially susceptible to such influences, which can shape their social interactions and decision-making. This study investigates the correlation between violent video game use and delinquent behaviors, focusing on juveniles in Ahvaz’s correctional centers, where such issues have been prevalent.     Methods and Materials This descriptive-correlational study aimed to identify and analyze the relationships between independent variables (violent video game usage, accessibility, and educational guidance) and the dependent variable (juvenile delinquency). Data collection involved a combination of library research for theoretical grounding and a custom-designed questionnaire for empirical validation. The questionnaire’s content validity was confirmed by experts, while reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, yielding satisfactory results across all constructs. The study population included 132 juveniles aged 12-18, detained in Ahvaz correctional centers during the 2023-2024 period. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 109 valid responses was determined for analysis. Statistical tools, including regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation, were employed to explore the associations among variables.   Results and Discussion Effect of Educational Guidance Proper guidance on video game usage demonstrated a significant negative correlation with delinquent behaviors. Juveniles receiving appropriate parental and institutional education exhibited lower rates of aggression and antisocial tendencies. This finding aligns with theories suggesting that informed gaming habits foster emotional regulation and critical thinking, reducing susceptibility to violent content’s adverse effects. Accessibility to Violent Video Games Easy access to violent video games showed a strong positive correlation with juvenile delinquency. The study revealed that unrestricted exposure to such games not only normalizes violence but also diminishes empathy and social accountability. These results echo prior research underscoring the need for regulated access, particularly among vulnerable youth populations. Excessive Gaming Excessive time spent on video games was found to exacerbate antisocial and delinquent behaviors. Adolescents immersed in prolonged gaming sessions displayed heightened aggression and reduced social interactions. These findings resonate with existing literature highlighting the negative impact of prolonged exposure to violent content on behavioral and cognitive development. Interplay of Factors The combined analysis of independent variables—education, access, and usage intensity—accounted for 40% of the variance in juvenile delinquency. This indicates that while these factors significantly influence behaviors, additional variables, such as familial and socio-economic conditions, may also play a role.   Conclusion This study underscores the importance of managing violent video game exposure to mitigate its impact on juvenile delinquency. Proper education for parents and children emerged as a critical intervention, highlighting the role of awareness in fostering responsible gaming habits. Conversely, unregulated access and excessive gaming correlated strongly with delinquent behaviors, emphasizing the need for stringent monitoring and policy enforcement. Policymakers, educators, and parents are urged to collaborate in developing frameworks that balance the cognitive benefits of gaming with safeguards against its potential harms.

Abstract Abstract The communication technology revolution has brought profound changes to human lifestyles, work, and communication.  Instagram, by altering the traditional production chain and implementing digital governance, have had significant social and political impacts, weakening the power of national governments and cultural identities. This study examines how Instagram influences social, cultural, and governance structures of governments, as well as promotes the goals of the 2030 agenda. The research utilizes a descriptive-analytical method and draws on various sources, including official Meta and Instagram documents. The framework of the study indicates that internet platforms, in competition with governments and companies, aim to disrupt the competitive value chain. instagram change the production structure, which markets have created based on the power of modern governments. By creating producer and consumer counterparts and establishing new governance practices, they reduce the power of governments and form new production chains. In this regard, Instagram, by breaking the competitive value chain previously controlled by governments, has been able to impose its own norms and policies on users. The findings suggest that these policies align with the implementation of the 2030 agenda, creating significant challenges for national governments and cultural identities, which require precise responses and policymaking to preserve these elements. Keywords: Social Changes, Platform, Instagram, 2030 Agenda, Production Chain   Introduction
The rapid evolution of communication technologies has led to profound transformations in the ways humans live, work, and communicate. Among these technological advancements, social media platforms such as Instagram have played a significant role. Instagram has transformed traditional methods of production and communication, utilizing digital governance to influence various social, cultural, and political structures. It is apparent that platforms like Instagram have reduced the authority of national governments, altered cultural identities, and introduced new social norms. This study aims to explore how Instagram affects governance structures, societal values, and cultural practices while promoting the objectives of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The 2030 Agenda, which focuses on achieving sustainability through collective global action, is being influenced significantly by digital platforms like Instagram, and the study investigates how these platforms align with the agenda's goals. The core problem that this research addresses is the increasing power of global digital platforms, particularly Instagram, and their ability to override national regulations and cultural norms. The study seeks to answer the following questions: How does Instagram use its global reach and technological capabilities to influence and promote the goals of the 2030 Agenda? How does Instagram impact the governance structures of national governments and affect the identity of cultures? In addition, the study considers how national governments respond to the challenges posed by Instagram and similar platforms in relation to digital governance, regulation, and cultural preservation.
This paper draws from a wide range of literature across various disciplines, including communications, sociology, political science, and economics, to understand the role of Instagram in the 2030 Agenda's implementation. Previous studies have highlighted the significant influence of social media platforms in shaping public discourse, affecting cultural and social practices, and aligning with global policies. For example, several studies have demonstrated how social media platforms, especially Instagram, have contributed to global educational goals by enabling faster, wider dissemination of information, particularly regarding sustainability issues. Studies such as those by Rajabi et al. (2020) and Leaver et al. (2020) explore Instagram’s potential in fostering global cultural norms aligned with the 2030 Agenda, particularly around issues like gender equality, environmental protection, and social justice. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the specific mechanisms through which Instagram directly enforces the 2030 Agenda's goals. While some research has focused on the positive impacts of social media platforms, there has been less attention on how these platforms can challenge national cultural and legal structures. This study aims to bridge this gap by analyzing how Instagram, as a platform owned by Meta, interacts with global governance frameworks like the 2030 Agenda and imposes its own norms.   Materials and Methods
The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, which is particularly suited to understanding the complex interactions between digital platforms and the 2030 Agenda. The methodology combines qualitative data analysis from official sources such as Meta’s published reports, Instagram's community guidelines, and other relevant documents. The study also draws from case studies of Instagram’s involvement in global governance issues, such as its role in promoting gender equality and environmental sustainability. The data collection includes secondary sources, such as official documents and reports from international organizations like the United Nations, to examine how Instagram aligns its policies with the objectives of the 2030 Agenda. The research focuses on several key elements of Instagram’s operations: (1) the platform’s role in disrupting traditional production and consumption chains, (2) the application of Instagram’s digital governance practices that align with the goals of the 2030 Agenda, (3) the platform’s impact on national sovereignty and cultural identity, and (4) the challenges and responses from governments to these changes.   Discussion & Result
Instagram, with over 2.35 billion active users globally, represents a major force in reshaping not only the digital economy but also the global cultural landscape. One of the primary findings of this research is Instagram’s ability to break down traditional value chains. By creating a direct connection between producers and consumers, Instagram has reduced the role of intermediaries and empowered users to create and distribute content without the need for traditional media outlets. This shift has diminished the power of governments, which have traditionally regulated and controlled the production and distribution of cultural and economic goods. Another key finding is that Instagram enforces a set of global norms that align with the 2030 Agenda's objectives. These norms include promoting gender equality, environmental sustainability, and social justice, all of which are key components of the 2030 Agenda. Instagram's policies on removing harmful content, addressing hate speech, and ensuring the security of marginalized groups align with the values outlined in the 2030 Agenda. Furthermore, Instagram's role in facilitating global movements, such as #MeToo and climate change awareness, has demonstrated its capacity to shape public discourse in ways that align with global sustainability goals. However, this research also highlights significant challenges for national governments and cultural identities. Instagram’s global governance model, which allows it to impose its norms across borders, often conflicts with national laws and cultural practices. The study provides examples of instances where Instagram has taken actions that challenge local regulations. For instance, Instagram’s content moderation policies, which remove or restrict content related to political protests or cultural topics, have clashed with national sovereignty. Furthermore, the platform’s policies on gender identity and LGBTQ+ rights sometimes conflict with conservative cultural practices in certain countries. These examples underscore the tension between global digital governance and national cultural preservation.   Conclusion
The findings suggest that Instagram has become a powerful actor in global governance, often challenging national governments’ authority in areas related to cultural identity and social norms. By leveraging its digital platform, Instagram has the ability to shape public opinion, create new economic models, and promote the goals of the 2030 Agenda. However, the research also reveals that these transformations pose significant challenges for traditional forms of governance and cultural preservation. One of the central conclusions of this study is that digital platforms like Instagram have introduced a new form of governance—network governance—that operates beyond traditional state borders. Instagram’s policies and actions are increasingly aligned with global norms, such as those outlined in the 2030 Agenda. This shift presents both opportunities and challenges for national governments, which must adapt to the changing landscape of digital governance. The research concludes by emphasizing the need for governments to develop new strategies for regulating digital platforms like Instagram and for ensuring that local cultural identities and national laws are not undermined in the process. In terms of policy recommendations, the study suggests that governments need to work collaboratively with global platforms like Instagram to create frameworks that promote both global sustainability goals and respect for local cultural practices. Additionally, there is a need for greater transparency in the decision-making processes of platforms like Instagram to ensure that their actions align with the interests of all stakeholders, including national governments, local communities, and users.

Abstract Due to the influence of the Internet and the development of social media in recent years, Developments in technology and interaction in this space have affected the socialization of the adolescent and young generation and have led to significant changes. The main purpose of this study was to identify the indicators of generational differences by emphasizing the changes affected by social media in order to systematically identify and present a related conceptual model. To achieve this goal, the qualitative approach and grounded theory method have been used. The concepts of generational differences were collected during interviews with experts in psychology, culture, and the media, and were coded and identified using analytical steps. In this context, the indicators of generational differences are divided into three main concepts. "Mental circle", "social interactions" and "individual outputs" are the main indicators of generational differences. The main index of the mental circle consists of four sub-components: "worldview and ideology", "structuring of beliefs and mental attitudes", "prioritizing goals" and "motivation-expectations". The index of social interactions includes two components: "social behavior" and "social adaptation". Individual outputs were conceptualized in the form of two components, "feelings and emotions" and "selection-consumption-presentation pattern.