Interdisciplinary Studies in Media and Culture

Abstract Abstract One of the most significant challenges facing the Iranian economy is the subsidies for energy carriers, which impose substantial costs on the nation's economy annually. Unfortunately, this governance mega-challenge remains unresolved, and the approach to managing it within the country's decision-making system faces multiple obstacles. One of the primary challenges is that, despite the necessity for reform, the economic and social repercussions of such measures are often deferred to the future. In this context, this article raises the central question regarding the role of media in the strategy for reforming energy carrier prices. The hypothesis posits that the media, by engaging with the collective awareness of society, can play an effective role in assisting policymakers in this endeavor. The research results indicate that any policymaking, including price reforms, must include a media component to gain the support and cooperation of the public. Otherwise, a gap will arise between citizens resisting the implementation of policies and the governance tools attempting to enact them, leading not only to the failure of objectives but also to the waste of additional resources. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, and the data were collected through library and empirical methods. Keywords: energy carriers, media, culture, subsidies, price reform.         Introduction One of the most persistent challenges in Iran’s economic structure is the inefficient subsidy system for energy carriers, which annually imposes a significant financial burden on the national budget. Despite growing acknowledgment of the necessity for reform, political hesitation and social sensitivity have repeatedly postponed decisive action. The policy of energy price reform, though economically justified, often faces public resistance due to its direct impact on daily life. Against this backdrop, the media plays a potentially transformative role in shaping public understanding and managing the socio-political climate surrounding such reforms. This study addresses the core question: What role does the media play in facilitating or obstructing the reform of energy carrier prices in Iran? The working hypothesis is that media, by influencing collective consciousness and public discourse, can significantly support—or hinder—the implementation of such policies.   Materials & Methods This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, using both library resources and empirical observations. The data set includes analyses of official media coverage, academic studies, and public commentary on past and proposed energy reforms in Iran. A qualitative content analysis was conducted to evaluate how effectively media outlets have conveyed the rationale, necessity, and implications of price reforms to the public. Special attention was given to the media’s timing, messaging tone, and use of expert opinion. The study also examines the role of digital and social media in shaping perceptions and facilitating two-way communication between citizens and policymakers.   Discussion & Result The findings reveal that successful implementation of energy price reforms depends heavily on timely and transparent media engagement. Media has the capacity to explain the logic of reforms, mitigate fear of economic shocks, and frame the changes within broader narratives of national development. However, in Iran, traditional media has often failed to preemptively engage the public, resulting in confusion, resistance, and even protests. Media can serve several critical functions in this context: Awareness building refers to educating the public on the necessity of subsidy reform and its long-term benefits. Opinion management involves shaping public sentiment by providing expert analysis and real-world examples, including comparative international experiences. Resistance reduction focuses on alleviating anxieties by offering strategies for managing household costs and clarifying the compensatory mechanisms of the policy. Transparency and rumor control aim to prevent misinformation and the spread of rumors by consistently offering verified and unbiased data. Furthermore, the study highlights the underutilized potential of social media in policy communication. These platforms can act as amplifiers of expert content, channels for public feedback, and accelerators of public discourse. While traditional media often adheres to state narratives, social media introduces a diversity of opinion and can foster trust through transparency and dialogue. A significant finding is that the lack of a coordinated media strategy during previous reform attempts has contributed to policy failure. The absence of consistent messaging and credible spokespersons creates a vacuum often filled by fear, speculation, and populist backlash.   Conclusion The reform of energy carrier prices in Iran cannot be viewed purely as an economic adjustment; it is fundamentally a political and communicative challenge. Media—both traditional and digital—plays a vital role in bridging the gap between policymaking and public understanding. The study concludes that for any energy policy reform to succeed, it must be accompanied by a robust media strategy that prioritizes public awareness, trust-building, and feedback mechanisms. Establishing this “media attachment” to policy is not merely advisable—it is essential. Future efforts must involve early engagement with media, use of credible expert voices, and deployment of multi-platform strategies to reach diverse audiences. Only through such integrative efforts can energy reform policies gain the legitimacy and societal cooperation required for their success.

Abstract Abstract Issue: Emerging social media such as Instagram, which are based on visual communication and daily life narratives, have found great relevance to the lifestyle of users. The central component of Instagram is the focus on performance, which can expand the performance lifestyle. The main issue of this article is the representation of the conflicts and challenges that have arisen in the lifestyle of hijabi women who have become faces on Instagram under the title of Hijab Style. Method: For this work, we analyzed the overt and covert messages of the posts of the hijabi faces using the semiotic method, and finally, through content analysis, we reached the axes of their lifestyle representation. Using a purposive and theoretical sampling method, 15 cases were selected. Conclusion: The findings show that veiled women active on Instagram are undergoing a significant transformation and are experiencing a change in their lifestyle, which is called theatricality and fantasy, which can be traced under ten major components: veil and covering, chastity in behavior, privacy, dominance of feminist thoughts, celebrity and celebrity, prosperity and aristocracy, highlighting the Western lifestyle, dance and music, everyday life and entertainment, fantasy and hypocritical religiosity. Keywords: social media, Instagram, dramatic life, hijab style, fantasy. Introduction With the transition from the one-way web (web one), new generations of the web, under the titles of web two and three (called interactive and intelligent web), have led the flow of influence and observation in cyberspace to the flow of influence and role-playing.One of the most prominent, popular, and widely used web 2 software is the Instagram software, which has spread among Iranians after the Facebook software. The growth of users and the penetration rate of Instagram use in the world and Iran is one of the important dimensions of the issue. "This platform experienced a growth of 20.4 percent in 2018, and this number reached 7.3 percent in 2019. The results of a survey conducted in July 1400 by the Iranian Student Opinion Polling Center (ISPA) indicate a significant increase in the use of social media among Iranian users. Since the main goal of this article is to understand the change in the lifestyle of veiled women in Instagram life and its challenges, the behavioral signs of these women's lifestyle on Instagram in relation to religious life should be analyzed. Because the most important indicator of Instagram's distinction from other similar platforms is its photo-centricity, its main function is defined as a visual narrative of life, in other words, "biography." Based on "being noticed" or "fame authenticity" with two mechanisms of following and being followed, that is, who do I follow and who follow me, Instagram creates an identity called a follower, which indicates the publicization of fame. For this reason, most of the activities of users on this platform have taken place in the form of self-portraiture, which this limited translation into the physical dimension of human personality and identity has ultimately resulted in "bodyography." Therefore, the topic of "bodyhood" and body studies focused on the role of Instagram has grown significantly in recent years. The main issue of this article is to examine the challenges and conflicts in representing the lifestyle of people who are committed to religious teachings and turned to Instagram in virtual living conditions. It seems that the self-representation and self-promotion of veiled women are in conflict with the components of the veil of adornment, chastity, and the veil of a Muslim woman, which users represented in rethinking their identity in every challenge.           Materials & methods Based on the subject and objectives set in this study, which seeks to understand "describing the lifestyle represented by veiled women on Instagram," a qualitative research method will be helpful. Since the analysis depends on the representation of the lifestyle of users, the semiotic method was used to collect information on Instagram by observing published photos and texts and comments, and the data was classified and organized. The sampling method is carried out with two criteria: first, theoretical sampling (with the criterion of producing content about daily life) and second, purposeful sampling (veiled users). In data analysis, the overt and covert message of each part of the data was analyzed, and then the content was analyzed by combining the overt and covert information. The study population is veiled girls and women active on Instagram. The sample members were selected purposefully with the criteria of being public, posts being relevant to daily life and lifestyle components, continuous presence and activity on the Instagram network, sharing at least 40 posts on user pages, and having more than 3,000 audiences or followers. In data analysis, all collected documents, including photos, videos, audio, etc., were analyzed and interpreted using the qualitative analysis method. By analyzing and interpreting the data, hidden and overt messages were converted into text that can be analyzed and categorized, so that from among the documentation, analyzable images were selected and then the dimensions, axes, and elements in the photos and writings were interpreted in detail. Next, using the organizational coding process, the themes were conceptually integrated and categorized, and finally the data were interpreted and analyzed through 10 comprehensive components.   Discussion & Result In this study, a layer of lifestyle components that were changed and transformed by Instagram, such as demonstrative behaviors, display, consumerism, and life narrative, were discussed, researched, and identified, and ultimately 10 main themes were extracted. The most important lifestyle components of the studied individuals that were changed when exposed to Instagram were: 1. Hijab and covering, which have undergone significant changes and reductions 2. Disclosure of privacy under the pretext of attracting attention 3. Chastity in behavior, which has undergone fundamental changes 4. Feminist and feminist thoughts 5. Fame and celebrity seeking 6. Luxurious life and its representation in foreign trips and luxury goods 7. Trend towards Western lifestyle, including symbols, products, special events such as Valentine's and Halloween 8. Music and dance 9. Entertainment of life 10. Demonstrative religiosity in collective rituals and personal spiritual states   Conclusion The main goal of this article is to achieve the conflicts and challenges that the lifestyle of veiled people affected by Instagram has. In this social media, the way a type of users known as veiled, who are often known and distinguished by their religious lifestyle, deal with Instagram as a visual, photo-centric and theatrical medium was considered and analyzed, which led to an understanding of a phenomenon called "Instagramming in life". The fantasy of all life, even religiosity, is the main world of Instagramming. Modernity, as the origin of the concept of lifestyle, by reducing life to consumption, has led to the emergence of the concept of lifestyle with specific and exclusive components such as fashion, clothing, food, etc., whose roots are influenced by the type of worldview of man and existence. On the other hand, the matter of theatrical life, which is redefined with concepts such as: fame, showiness, self-show, boasting, hypocrisy, and luxury, is in conflict with the general spirit of the Islamic lifestyle and components such as anonymity, concealment of adornment, lack of attractiveness of gender stereotypes, lack of hypocrisy and sincerity.

Abstract Abstract The flow of news through mass and social media has become a significant part of daily life for the Iranian population. In this space, audiences aim to engage actively as activists, yet they also encounter constraints related to time and energy. This study seeks to evaluate the role of news and news media, the audience's exposure patterns, and the specifics of their engagement with various news sources. Through qualitative research involving semi-structured interviews with 32 individuals in Tehran aged 18 and above, it was found that audiences develop a strong, enduring connection with news by selecting a personalized set of media outlets among the multitude available. This selection allows them to form a comprehensive understanding of current events within their self-defined information ecosystem, reflecting what is referred to in scholarly literature as their "media repertoire." The research suggests that audiences with lower engagement maintain a traditional pattern of news consumption characterized by minimal energy expenditure and limited exposure, supporting the continued relevance of ritual news consumption. The emergence of the "media repertoire" concept marks a significant evolution in understanding how audiences engage with news consumption rituals. Keywords: Ritual news consumption, media repertoire, Tehran audience, news consumption patterns, social media. Introduction News consumption, an integral part of modern daily life, has undergone significant transformations due to technological advancements and media proliferation. The study titled “Rethinking the Concept of Ritual News Consumption: Behavioral Patterns of News Consumption in Tehran Audience” investigates how Tehran residents engage with news and news media in the evolving media landscape. With the rise of digital platforms and social media, news consumption patterns have shifted from traditional to more selective and multi-source behaviors. This research aims to identify the nature of audience engagement with news, their consumption patterns, and the impact of media plurality on news-seeking behaviors. The primary issue addressed is the declining authority of traditional media, such as Iran’s state television (IRIB) and newspapers, in favor of online and social media sources. Data from the Iranian Students’ Polling Agency (ISPA, 2021) indicate a 15.6% decrease in IRIB’s news consumption and a corresponding 15% increase in virtual space usage between 2017 and 2020. These shifts, coupled with challenges like declining public trust and the rise of “fake news,” underscore the need to rethink news consumption patterns. The central research question is: How do Tehran audiences engage with news and news media in their daily lives, and what patterns of news consumption emerge in the new media environment? The literature highlights the “Repertoire Approach,” emphasizing audiences’ deliberate selection of media sources. International studies, such as Kim (2016), Geers (2020), and Buturoiu et al. (2023), have identified diverse news consumption patterns, including minimalists, omnivores, and online users. In Iran, studies like Shahabi and Dehghan (2012) and Alizadeh (2013) emphasize active source selection by audiences. This study draws on theoretical frameworks of “uses and gratifications,” “ritual consumption,” and “news repertoires” to analyze audience behavior.   Materials & Methods The study aims to understand Tehran audiences’ news consumption patterns and re-evaluate ritual news consumption in a new media context. It employs a qualitative approach using semi-structured individual and focus group interviews. The target population consists of Tehran residents aged 18 and above. Purposive sampling with maximum variation was used, considering variables such as age (18-29, 30-50, and over 50), gender, education (up to diploma, bachelor’s, and above bachelor’s), occupation, and residential area (north, central, and south Tehran). A total of 32 individuals (18 men and 14 women) participated in 20 individual and 4 group interviews, with ages ranging from 21 to 85 years. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis with MAXQDA software. Coding occurred in three stages: descriptive (164 codes), interpretive (7 codes), and overarching (2 codes: serious and non-serious news audiences). Reliability was ensured by detailing methodological procedures, with both researchers involved in data analysis. Validity was achieved through triangulation and direct evidence from interviewees’ statements.   Discussion & Result The study identified two main audience groups based on their news engagement: non-serious (low-consumption) and serious (high-consumption) audiences. Non-Serious News Audiences: This group exhibits marginal and passive news consumption, with news holding a peripheral role in their daily lives. They typically rely on a single television news broadcast (e.g., 20:30 news) or social media news. Their engagement is often contextual (e.g., listening to radio or watching TV while multitasking) or through interpersonal communication (e.g., non-news Telegram groups). They do not seek alternative sources when a media outlet becomes inaccessible (e.g., Telegram filtering). News consumption may increase during crises, but it generally involves minimal effort. Older audiences with lower media literacy prefer traditional media like IRIB and avoid newer platforms. Serious News Audiences: This group actively and continuously engages with news, prioritizing news-seeking in their daily routines. They use multiple sources (social media, websites, online newspapers, radio, and TV), often starting their day with Telegram channels or news websites. They cross-check competing sources to verify news accuracy and construct personalized narratives. These audiences maintain a consciously selected media repertoire, habitually revisited. Social media, particularly Telegram and Instagram, are primary news sources, but traditional media like TV remain relevant during crises. Contextual radio use helps maintain news connection during commutes. This group often leans non-conservative politically and demonstrates higher media literacy.   Conclusion The study highlights the need to rethink ritual news consumption in a new media environment. Non-serious audiences align with traditional ritual consumption, engaging with news passively, while serious audiences combine active news-seeking with ritualistic habits through curated media repertoires. These repertoires reduce cognitive load and address the attention economy. Future studies should explore the criteria for media repertoire selection and the influence of socio-cultural factors on news-seeking. Quantitative research could assess the prevalence of each audience group.

Abstract Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine the perception of cultural norms by children from the programs of the Pouya network from the perspective of Tehrani mothers. The research method is qualitative, applied, and uses in-depth interviews with 18 Tehrani mothers with young children. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The research findings indicate that watching the programs of the Pouya network has created a visible and observable change in the cultural norms of children, which include five overarching themes:behavioral, belief, identity, communication, and psychological.  Public health, wearing masks and observing health protocols to deal with the coronavirus, thrift, law-abiding, familiarity with the Quran and prayer and reading it, familiarity with religious places and religious occasions, recognition of the Prophet, the Ahl al-Bayt, and martyrs, hijab, and familiarity with religious concepts were all clearly evident in the children's behavior. Based on the theory of reception, it should also be noted that mothers admitted that children did not simply decode all the messages presented by Pouya network programs as intended by the producers of network programs (hegemonic or dominant position) and sometimes they read them in a consensual manner, involving personality and cultural characteristics in the reception and decoding, which in some cases were desirable for them and in others undesirable, which can also be referred to as a malfunction of the media. In some cases, children also decoded the media and Pouya network programs in a contradictory and completely opposite way. Keywords: Norm, culture, cultural norm, perception, child, Pouya network.   Introduction Today, our children are in the infinite sphere of information and communication and exposed to infinite media messages, so being vigilant about these invited and uninvited guests is an undeniable duty. Culturing through the media means transmitting cultural contents including beliefs, images, perceptions, thoughts, concepts, and values that affect the behavior, clothing, traditions, and lifestyle of individuals in society. Children can be the audience of many media. One of the most important media introduced specifically for children is the Poya Network, which began broadcasting its programs on October 1, 2015, and continues to this day. Therefore, in this regard, the researcher aims to examine the cultural norms received by children from the Pouya network and to identify the programs from the Pouya network that children are most influenced by and acculturated by from the perspective of mothers, and what norms children express under the influence of these messages. In other words, the present study examines the perception of cultural norms by children from the Pouya network programs from the perspective of mothers.   Materials & Methods The present study is qualitative and applied in nature. In-depth interviews with mothers of young children were used to collect data. The children in the study had to watch at least 3 hours a day of various Persian animations broadcast by the Conductor of the Pouya Network for a period of 6 months during the year 1401-1402, in which case the mothers of these children were interviewed. Since it was not possible to interview all mothers in this age group, a purposive sample was conducted with 18 mothers living in Tehran. The selection of the samples was based on criteria such as having a child aged 2 to 7 years, having a university education (at least a bachelor's degree), being sensitive to what children receive from television, being concerned about raising children, being able to convey their experiences in the field of cultural norms, and the reactions of children addressed by the Pouya Network. In the interviews, the interviewee freely expressed their experiences, and because the conversation was private and face-to-face, and the questions were flexible and in practice, the answers were not limited; the mothers expressed their opinions easily and without concern. Considering the above-mentioned points, each interview lasted an average of 35 to 60 minutes, in such a way that the interviews were recorded and then transcribed and notes were taken. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze and clarify the data, in which the network of themes was organized and identified based on a specific process, basic themes (codes and key points of the text), organizing themes (themes obtained from combining and summarizing basic themes), and overarching themes (higher themes that include the principles governing the text as a whole). To examine the validity and reliability of the data obtained from the interviews, the findings were validated using the peer review method. For this purpose, the tables of categories and themes obtained were provided to some professors so that they could express their views on them, and then the items were confirmed by the mothers participating in the interview (using the identity method).   Discussion & Result The findings of the study indicate that watching Pouya Network programs has created a visible and observable change in children's cultural norms, which include five overarching themes of behavior, belief, identity, communication, and psychology. Public health, wearing masks and observing health protocols to deal with the coronavirus, thrift, law-abiding, familiarity with the Quran and prayer and reciting it, familiarity with religious places and religious occasions, knowing the Prophet, his family, and martyrs, hijab, and familiarity with religious concepts were all clearly evident in children's behavior. Pouya Network programs also helped strengthen children's self-awareness and national identity, and strengthened family relationships and expanded healthy relationships at home. Appropriate behavior with others, peers, and even plants and animals was also among the teachings that children had seen and demonstrated in their behavior. Based on the theory of reception, it should also be noted that mothers admitted that children did not simply decode all the messages presented by Pouya network programs as intended by the producers of network programs (hegemonic or dominant position), and sometimes in a consensual manner, involving personality and cultural characteristics in the reception and decoding, which in some cases were desirable for them and in others undesirable, which can also be referred to as a malfunction of the media. And in some cases, children also decoded in a contradictory and completely opposite way to the media and Poya network programs.   Conclusion Given that the theory of reception emphasizes that it is possible to infer more than one interpretation or reading from media texts, that is, there is not necessarily a correspondence or similarity between the message encoded by the sender and what is decoded by the audience and it can have different meanings, therefore, it is the recipients of the message who interpret and interpret the message according to the message text and their cultural contexts. In Hall's model, the communicator encodes the message based on his ideological goals and interests, but the recipient, who plays the role of the decoder in the communication process, is not forced to accept the received message, and resists the ideological meanings of the message and analyzes and evaluates it within the framework of his own views and experiences. Based on this theory and Stuart Hall's coding and decoding model, three dominant, consensual, and contradictory positions and approaches can be proposed. Based on the aforementioned theory, mothers acknowledged that children simply did not decode all the messages presented by Pouya network programs as intended by the producers of network programs, and as they showed in their cultural norms, sometimes they did so in the same way as the producers intended, either in the same hegemonic or dominant position, and sometimes in a consensual manner, in a way that involved personality and cultural characteristics in the reception and decoding, which in some cases was desirable for mothers and in others was undesirable, and it can also be referred to as cultural abnormality and media malfunction. And in some cases, children decoded in a way that was contradictory and completely opposite to the purpose of the media and Pouya network programs. In this regard, it should be noted that some mothers stated that children did not understand some of the religious concepts and religious programs presented, and some mothers also complained about the undesirable result of showing these programs to the extent that they believed that children sometimes complained about the program and even caused fear in children and misunderstand.

Abstract Abstract This research is based on the issue of increasing the desire to migrate in Iran, around the concept of "mediatized migration", and the main question is based on this question: How is the discourse of the migration industry conceptualized, interpreted and constructed on Instagram? The research method is internet qualitative and discourse analysis is used as the technique. The conceptual framework includes Hansen-Sorensen's immigration industry theory and critical theory, and the findings show that the actors of the immigration industry discourse in the virtual space - which include bloggers and immigration institutions - use mechanisms such as "representation of immigration as a success", " the construction of a binary of foreign and homeland" and finally "emphasis on integration solutions in the culture of migration destinations", provided the reasons for the mental migration of the survivors of physical migration in an imaginary sphere, that articulate the discourse of the migration industry and produce the desirous subject of migration. The hegemonic discourse of the immigration industry and the intensification of immigration aspiration will prevent any hope and effort to improve things in the society in the long time and will create a wave of individual and collective feeling of blockage and failure. Keywords: Migration Industry, Instagram, Discourse Analysis, Migration Aspiration,  Desirous Subject, Migration. Introduction The purpose of this study is analyze the fantasy of migration on the Instagram network, in the form of the migration industry discourse. As an academic concept, the "migration industry" has been academically documented for about 35 years. Apart from the economic, political and educational factors, what has been neglected in the understanding of the widespread desire of Iranians to emigrate during these years is the contribution of the change in their values and attitudes.   Materials & Methods The research method is internet qualitative, the used technique is discourse analysis. The sampling method of the research is based on purposeful sampling and the field is the Instagram network. Also, the unit of analysis is "Post".   Discussion and Result The findings have been analyzed and identified around the mechanisms of the immigration industry discourse. The hegemonic discourse of the immigration industry in the Iran’s public sphere is affected by the processes that have been created in the dialectic between the Iranians' mental image of the occident and internal problems. The best field for understanding these processes is the the social media that provide the possibility of interaction between millions of people. According to Hansen and Sorensen (2013), currently, migration has turned from a social phenomenon into a commercial industry, and this commercial industry has also produced its own discourse to build its subjects. The subject of this discourse is the aspirational subject of  Desirous immigration. A subject who is dissatisfied with the current situation, but has no hope or effort to change and the only possibility to satisfy him is migration. A situation that may never happen, but does not change the subject's identity. The symptoms of the semantic system of the immigration industry discourse include migration as a success, the duality of an imaginary place called the Occident and the Homeland, mental migration in an imaginary sphere. Also, the agents of the immigration industry discourse include insta-immigrants and immigration institutions. The actors of the immigration industry articulate the chain of meanings of this discourse at micro and macro levels. The phrase "specialized consultation and services of immigration" can be seen in the profiles of many insta-immigrants. Immigrants who have been studying and working in fields other than immigration and have no background as immigration consultants; but the possibility of influencing the audience and becoming an immigrant influencer, tempts them to earn money as an immigration consultant by producing content from their lived experience of immigration. Also, tourist institutions, which have been affected by the global epidemic of Covid-19 and travel restrictions along with domestic economic problems, have faced a significant decrease in travel and tourist demand, and have changed their main function to an immigration institution and are trying to represent unreal implications of the duality of black Iran and white immigration destinations.   Conclusion This research has studied migration in the virtual space at the intersection of the three concepts of mediaization of migration, migration industry and the desire to migrate. While previous researches in the field of virtual diaspora have formulated the impact of the digital world on migration based on the politicization of everyday life, the findings of this research show that the impact of virtual space on the issue of migration in Iran has been in line with the depoliticization of everyday life. What is received from the findings of this research is the mental migration of the young generation in Iran, which can have destructive consequences for development and hope for the future. 

Abstract Abstract Virtual networks have been created as a space that has acted as an accelerator of many rebellions in all parts of the world at the beginning of the third millennium, and as imperceptible floating networks, it is the source of potential and actual conflicts, riots and social unrest that is Janus-like. Action and can cause rise, development and relaxation at the same time. The social space contains a simultaneous multiplicity of spaces that intersect each other, have an internal relationship with each other, are aligned or placed in contradictions and contradictions, so the permitted space causes the rise of subjects and challenges the structures. has done Therefore, the current research aims to answer this basic question: were the virtual space and its tools effective in the formation and spread of social unrest in November 2018? The hypothesis of the research states that virtual space has an effect on the formation and spread of social unrest, and this influence or reliance on Ted Robert's theory of relative deprivation has been analyzed. Also, the present research is practical and using a qualitative method with the help of Taking library and field tools (especially interviews with a number of elites) has been used to analyze the data. Keywords: social unrest, riot, social network, developments of 2018.   Introduction Anwar Mostafavi et al.(1401) in an article entitled collective behavior or protest action: the study of social unrest in November 2018, using the basic theory, emphasizes the importance of social unrest to public dissatisfaction and unconventional methods and sometimes violence. It refers to the relationship of people in society. In this article, the social unrest of November 1998 is investigated. The lack of general consensus on the application of concepts, as well as the lack of theoretical consensus in examining these unrests, shows the problematic aspects of this issue. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the nature of the social unrest in November 2018 using a qualitative method. Virtual Protests and Civil Society, Internet and Social Movements by "theron van lear" in 2015. In this article, whose theoretical basis is the theory of social movements and mobilization, the researcher depicts the typology of digital protest actions and Internet-based support for virtual protests. Theoretical framework: Ted Robert Gere's relative deprivation Relative deprivation theory has been widely used in social psychology, sociology and other social sciences for more than a century. This popularity shows its usefulness to explain many contradictions and controversies. Ted Roberger's theory is one of these theories that follows Davis's rising expectations theory. James Davis is one of the Western theorists who believes in the theory of economy and economic factors as the cause of revolution. In the meantime Garr begins his theory based on the seemingly self-evident premise that dissatisfaction is the root cause of violent conflict. In other words, according to Gar, relative deprivation is the negative difference between legitimate expectations and the reality of this supposed dissatisfaction to commit violent acts, it is the result of creating relative deprivation in people, and according to Gar, relative deprivation is: "perceived difference" Between the value expectations of people, the means and conditions of life that people believe are truly their right, and the value ability of the means and conditions that they think they have the ability to acquire and maintain.   Materials & Methods Since this article seeks to identify the sociological dimensions of social unrest in November 2018 with the activism of social networks, this article can be considered practical. In terms of the purpose of this article, it is in the category of exploratory research, and in this article, the method of theme analysis and interpretive paradigm is used and the qualitative approach is taken into consideration. In order to carry out the article, first the records of previous researches were studied in order to get an understanding of the current situation. In these studies, the existing models and frameworks were examined. Then, through interviews with 9 experts and experts in this field, based on theoretical sampling and through several stages, their opinions on the sociological dimensions of social unrest with network activism were selected. In order to collect data, an interview protocol with an open-ended questionnaire was designed in which relevant questions were asked to the participants and the desired data was collected.   Discussion & Result Qualitative data analysis in this article includes interviews conducted with informants, which ultimately leads the researcher to a structured and systematic model. In this way, the data obtained from the process of semi-standard interviews with experts, after extraction, were compiled in the form of news reports and in order to achieve comprehensive themes (main categories), first the process of theoretical coding in three stages of open coding (discovery) basic themes), central coding (discovery of organized themes) and selective coding (discovery of overarching themes) have been used. In the following, the data obtained from the interviews with experts have been analyzed. According to the results of the research data analysis, it can be said that the November 2018 rebellion in Iran is definitely rooted in the 2016 rebellion and its consequences. Thus, the protests of November 2018 were completely different from the Green Movement in 2018, because its main demand was justice and economic equality, and its class base was also the middle to lower classes and the economic inferiors. The lack of economy of smell, and the beginning of the movement from "surroundings" to "center" or "margins to the center". As the information showed, most of the protests started from the outskirts of the cities. What is certain is that according to the population statistics, the marginal population in the cities of Islamshahr, Quds, Shahryar and Mallard as the main centers of the rebellion was equal to 548,316, 377 and 744 thousand respectively. Economic marginalization, which of course occurred from the beginning of Hassan Rouhani's second administration and with the dollar's appreciation, had not only an economic dimension, but also social and political dimensions. Therefore, many people found themselves marginalized in the three economic, social and political fields. In short, the existing dissatisfactions, which were more or less reflected in the rebellious actions of the people, can be divided into the problems of poverty, misery, class gap in the society and economic corruption. But this rebellion, as mentioned, cannot be analyzed with a well-known theoretical basis such as the prevailing and dominant theories on the sociology of rebellion, such as social movements, mobilization of resources, etc., because this rebellion has characteristics such as sudden rise, subsidence. The sudden, nationwide and sudden inclusion of Iran, very sudden radicalization and very sudden carriers made the components of sociological theories of action not burden on this rebellion. Although according to the theory of some thinkers, the above components and specifically the lack of a leader can make social norms fragile, unstable and contradictory, but as mentioned, the cases of Aban 1998 are under rebellion and not social movement. As it was mentioned, but the important component in the cases of Aban 1998, the impact of the Internet and virtual networks on civil conflict, was an undeniable necessity, because in this highly inflammatory environment, virtual networks, due to the extremely diverse and fragmented environment, It has provided for chaos, conflict and conflict.   Conclusion The November 2018 rebellion cannot be analyzed with a well-known theoretical basis such as the prevailing and dominant theories on the sociology of rebellion such as social movements, mobilization of resources, etc., because this rebellion has characteristics such as sudden rise, sudden subsidence, The sudden inclusion of Iran and the whole country, the sudden radicalization, etc. made the elements of social movement theories not apply to this rebellion. Because, as mentioned, the November 1998 cases are under rebellion and not social movement. In these unrests, the impact of social networks has been seen effectively, considering that the virtual space is a created and confused space that acts as a catalyst for many riots in different countries at the beginning of the third millennium, and due to the space The multiple and disjointed end leads to chaos, conflict and contradiction because this space is completely centripetal and borderless.

Abstract Abstract News anchors, as one of the key elements of media, play a significant role in attracting audiences, building trust and credibility, and achieving persuasive influence. This capacity is particularly important in countering the potential threats posed by hostile media outlets. The present study aims to examine the impact of personal characteristics of news anchors on audience trust and persuasion, ultimately proposing a model for selecting anchors in national news networks. The research follows a mixed-method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the first phase, 30 experts in the fields of persuasion and news communication were consulted to identify key persuasive factors. In the second phase, 384 audience members were surveyed to assess and compare the persuasive effectiveness of different news anchors. According to respondents, current shortcomings in anchoring include lack of appeal, insufficient expertise and skills, low passion for the role, inadequate attention to appearance, limited autonomy, fear of criticism or failure, poor teamwork, disregard for feedback, and resistance to constructive criticism. Based on insights from both experts and audiences, the study concludes that "creative anchoring" represents the most effective model for national media. The two foundational pillars of this model are anchor creativity and audience persuasion. Keywords: Anchoring, Persuasion, National Media, Audience, Creativity.   Introduction One of the most fundamental reasons for the emergence of mass communication tools has been the need to inform societies. From the beginning, the main function expected from media was to fulfill the informational needs of the public through news, reports, and analysis. News has always been a defining element in the history of mass media, shaping both political and social transformations. Trust in media is therefore as vital as trust in political institutions. If people believe that news is not manipulated and censorship is justified for national interest, they may tolerate information gaps. Trust in the media depends largely on the credibility of the source, which includes both expertise and reliability. In the age of digital technologies and mobile news access, media trustworthiness is more important than ever. In this context, TV news anchors play a crucial role in audience persuasion, and studying their characteristics can help improve audience engagement and trust in national broadcasting.   Materials & Methods This study employed a mixed-methods approach combining both qualitative and quantitative research phases to provide a comprehensive understanding of the persuasive elements of news anchors and their influence on audience trust and engagement in Iran’s national media. The qualitative phase was conducted first, utilizing a purposive snowball sampling method to identify 30 media professionals and scholars specializing in persuasion and broadcast journalism. These experts participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews aimed at identifying the critical personal and communicative traits that contribute to the persuasive power of news anchors. The interview protocol included open-ended questions regarding factors such as emotional delivery, credibility, appearance, voice modulation, spontaneity, and creative autonomy in delivering news content. The second phase consisted of a quantitative study conducted with a representative sample of 384 national television viewers, selected based on Morgan’s sampling table. These respondents were surveyed using a structured questionnaire designed to measure perceptions of different anchors’ persuasive impact, trustworthiness, and appeal. The questionnaire incorporated demographic information and Likert-scale items measuring audience evaluations across multiple dimensions, including expertise, appearance, speech clarity, emotional resonance, perceived sincerity, and adaptability. SPSS software was employed to analyze quantitative data using descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as frequency distribution, mean comparison, and correlation analysis.   Discussion & Result The results of this study demonstrate a clear misalignment between the current structure of news anchoring in Iran’s national media and the evolving expectations of its viewership. While anchors are expected to fulfill traditional roles of neutrality and professionalism, audiences increasingly demand emotional authenticity, creativity, and individual style. The research shows that persuasive anchoring requires a balance between informational clarity and emotional resonance—both of which are currently underemphasized in the national broadcaster's performance evaluation and anchor training procedures. From a theoretical perspective, these findings confirm the centrality of McLuhan’s communication theory, particularly the idea that the “message is the medium.” In the case of televised news, the anchor is not merely a messenger but the embodiment of the message’s credibility and emotional impact. If the anchor fails to establish trust or fails to persuade through verbal and non-verbal cues, the message itself loses effectiveness, regardless of its factual accuracy. The study identifies “creative anchoring” as the most viable model to bridge this gap. This approach positions the anchor as a semi-autonomous communicator who can infuse individuality, emotional tone, and context-specific adaptation into news delivery. Creative anchors do not merely read from a script but reinterpret the message in real-time to maximize resonance and clarity for their specific audience segment. Based on both expert opinion and empirical data, the creative anchoring model hinges on two strategic pillars: (1) fostering creativity among anchors through structural reform and training, and (2) reorienting anchor performance metrics toward persuasion and trust-building outcomes rather than just procedural compliance. Operational implications of the study suggest that national media institutions must revise their recruitment criteria and retraining protocols. Rather than prioritizing rigid formality, institutions should invest in anchor development programs focusing on voice training, emotional delivery, improvisation, and audience analysis. Anchors must also be granted greater editorial and performative flexibility to respond to real-time developments and societal moods. In conclusion, the study establishes that news anchors serve as more than passive conveyors of information; they are strategic communicators whose personal traits significantly affect media credibility, audience engagement, and ultimately, the public trust in national institutions. Failing to recognize this reality can further erode viewership and public reliance on domestic media sources. Thus, embracing creativity and psychological persuasion within anchoring is not a luxury—it is a necessity for the survival and relevance of national media in an increasingly competitive information environment.   Conclusion This study highlights the strategic role of news anchors in shaping public trust and media credibility in Iran’s national broadcasting system. By combining qualitative insights from experts with quantitative audience data, the research demonstrates that anchors are not merely news readers but central figures in the communication process. Their emotional authenticity, clarity of speech, adaptability, and creative delivery are critical to persuasive broadcasting. The current formal and restrictive anchoring model no longer meets the evolving expectations of a digitally engaged audience. Introducing the "creative anchoring" model—focused on emotional engagement and individualized delivery—can significantly enhance audience trust and connection. For national media to remain relevant, reforms are essential in recruitment, training, and performance evaluation, aligning them with persuasion-oriented goals. Ultimately, embracing creativity and human-centered communication strategies will empower national anchors to act as effective mediators between the state and society, restoring confidence in domestic media amid a rapidly changing information landscape.

Abstract Abstract Given the advancements in humanities and social sciences research, conducting comprehensive studies on a single topic has become increasingly challenging. As a result, researchers have turned to systematically combining existing research within a field. The objective of this study was to employ meta-analysis to analyze and draw conclusions from research conducted on the relationship between virtual space and religiosity. To this end, 18 relevant studies from 2011 to 2021 were selected for examination. After assessing the assumptions of homogeneity and publication bias, the results indicated that the effect sizes of the different studies varied, and no evidence of publication bias was found. The results reveal that the effect size of the relationship between virtual space and religiosity is 0.25, which, according to Cohen's interpretation, is considered a medium effect size. Furthermore, considering the year of the study as a moderating variable, the effect size coefficient decreased significantly, and this relationship was also statistically confirmed. Keywords: Meta-analysis, religiosity, virtual space, effect size, Iran. Meta-Analysis of Studies on the Relationship Between Virtual Space and Religiosity in Iran During 2011-2021   Introduction In the contemporary era, mass media plays a pivotal role in various dimensions of societal life, and in the post-industrial age, control over communication and information networks is considered a form of power. Among these, virtual space, as a novel technology, has exerted significant influences on the cultural aspects of societies and has gradually become a fundamental platform for communication. Simultaneously, religion, as a core element of individual and social identity, has consistently played a decisive role in shaping human beliefs and behaviors. The expansion of globalization and the penetration of social networks have further highlighted the importance of religion in social interactions and the formation of collective identity. Nevertheless, recent research in Iran indicates a decline in the level of religiosity and religious identity among young people, which could entail negative consequences for society. In this context, the increasing proliferation of virtual space and the dissemination of diverse content underscore the necessity of scientifically investigating the impacts of this space on religiosity, particularly among the youth. The central issue of the present study is to conduct a systematic and comprehensive review of research conducted on the relationship between virtual space and religiosity in Iran during the years 2011 to 2021. The objective of this meta-analysis is to achieve an overall estimate of the magnitude and direction of this relationship, as well as to identify potential moderating factors, especially the year of the study. The main research questions are: 1) What is the overall effect size of the relationship between virtual space and religiosity in studies conducted in Iran during 2011-2021? 2) Does the year of the study, as a moderating variable, influence the effect size of this relationship? The existing research suggests that the interaction between virtual space and religiosity is a complex and multifaceted issue. Some studies emphasize the opportunities that virtual space offers for the dissemination of religious teachings and the creation of online religious communities, while others focus on challenges such as the spread of misinformation, inappropriate content, and the reduction of face-to-face interactions in religious settings. Research conducted in Iran has also shown varying results in this area, highlighting the need for a meta-analysis to achieve a more comprehensive perspective.       Methodology The present study employed a meta-analysis method to determine the overall effect size of the relationship between virtual space and religiosity and to examine the role of the year of the study as a moderating variable. The statistical population of this research comprised all studies conducted on the relationship between virtual space and religiosity in Iran within the time frame of 2011 to 2021. Following a systematic search in reputable databases and a careful evaluation of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 studies (including peer-reviewed journal articles and master's theses) with quantifiable and combinable data were selected for the final analysis. The data collection instrument consisted of the published reports of the 18 selected studies. Information such as the study title, year of publication, sample size, instruments used to measure religiosity and virtual space usage, and the correlation coefficient (r) between these two variables were extracted from each study. For data analysis and the calculation of the overall effect size, the assessment of study homogeneity, the evaluation of publication bias, and the examination of the moderating role of the year of the study, CMA2 (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2) software was utilized. The strength of the relationship between virtual space and religiosity was measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) as the effect size index. According to Cohen's interpretation, an effect size between 0.1 and 0.3 is considered small, between 0.3 and 0.5 is medium, and above 0.5 is large. The Q test and the I² index were used to assess homogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated through funnel plots, Egger's linear regression test, and Begg and Mazumdar's rank correlation test.   Discussion and Conclusion The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that, overall, there has been a medium and negative relationship between the use of virtual space and religiosity in Iran during the years 2011-2021. This finding could be attributed to several factors, such as access to diverse and sometimes contradictory content to religious teachings, reduced face-to-face interactions in religious settings, and the cultural and value influences of virtual space. However, another important finding of this study is the significant decrease in the strength of this negative relationship over time. This may indicate a gradual adaptation of individuals and religious institutions to virtual space, the development of positive uses of this space in line with religious goals, or changes in patterns of virtual space usage. Future research is recommended to more precisely investigate the underlying and mediating factors that may moderate this relationship. Additionally, studying the qualitative developments in how individuals and religious groups interact with virtual space over time could provide valuable insights.   Conclusion The results of the meta-analysis revealed that the overall effect size of the relationship between virtual space and religiosity in the 18 selected studies, using a random-effects model, was -0.256 (95% confidence interval: -0.322 to -0.192). This effect size, according to Cohen's interpretation, is medium and in the negative direction, indicating that, on average, increased use of virtual space was associated with a decrease in the level of religiosity in the studied samples in Iran during 2011-2021. The Q test for homogeneity indicated that the studies were heterogeneous in terms of effect size (Q = 158.149, df = 17, p < 0.001), and the I² index also showed a high value (89.25%), confirming significant heterogeneity among the studies. The assessment of publication bias through funnel plots and statistical tests (Egger's regression and Begg and Mazumdar's rank correlation) did not reveal significant evidence of publication bias. Furthermore, the fail-safe N test indicated that a very large number of studies with a null effect would be needed to invalidate the findings, suggesting the robustness of the results. In examining the role of the year of the study as a moderating variable, meta-regression analysis was employed. The results showed that the year of the study significantly influenced the effect size of the relationship between virtual space and religiosity (Q = 6.33, df = 1, p = 0.011). The effect size coefficient decreased over time, meaning that the strength of the negative relationship between virtual space and religiosity was weaker in more recent studies compared to older studies. 

Abstract Abstract In the wake of technological advancement and the expansion of the global digital environment, national identity and security are undergoing unprecedented challenges. This study explores how the rise of virtual networks and digital lifestyles—spurred by globalization—have contributed to the emergence of fragmented identities in contrast to cohesive national identity models. The hypothesis suggests that the globalized digital sphere fosters lifestyles and value systems that destabilize traditional citizenship models, leading to social and cultural dissonance. Through documentary and library-based analysis, the study finds that virtual identities formed within cyberspace (notably Netizen identity) often clash with state-centric identity narratives, producing soft security threats. Ultimately, cyberspace operates as a field for identity reconstruction, posing both opportunities and risks for national unity and governance. Keywords: Digital lifestyle, National identity, Netizen, National security, Virtual society.   Introduction In the contemporary era, human societies are witnessing a structural transformation rooted in the intersection of globalization and digital technologies. These changes, often termed the "network society" or "information age," have redefined the foundations of communication, identity, and power. Central to this transformation is the rise of cyberspace, which has facilitated the spread of digital lifestyles and challenged traditional frameworks of identity rooted in the nation-state paradigm. In this context, the primary concern of this study is to analyze the ways in which virtual space, especially social networks, disrupt the coherent formation of national identity and provoke emerging challenges to national security. The issue becomes even more pressing in culturally diverse states like Iran, where identity formation is closely tied to state narratives and cultural policy. Hence, this research seeks to explore how the globalization of lifestyles and the digitalization of everyday practices contribute to the rise of new identity formations, particularly that of the "Netizen," and how such formations confront and potentially undermine the national identity framework promoted by the state.   Materials & Methods The study adopts a qualitative and analytical-descriptive methodology. Data were gathered through documentary and library-based sources, encompassing sociological, philosophical, and media studies perspectives. Theoretical grounding draws on key contributions from scholars such as Anthony Giddens on late modernity and globalization, Barry Buzan on securitization theory, and Manuel Castells on network society. Additionally, the research utilizes the Copenhagen School’s expanded concept of security, emphasizing social and cultural dimensions. Using conceptual content analysis, the study systematically identifies the key themes of identity fragmentation, lifestyle globalization, and digital citizenship. The focus lies particularly on how these dynamics manifest in the Iranian context, informed by both domestic policy discourses and global cultural flows.   Discussion & Result The findings suggest that the digital environment operates as a transformative ontological space in which identity is no longer fixed or territorially bound. The emergence of the "Netizen" as a transnational and digitally embedded subject exemplifies the fragmentation of the traditional identity model associated with the nation-state. Social networks, by encouraging identity experimentation and lifestyle exhibitionism, allow individuals to construct multiple and often contradictory selves. These fragmented selves are increasingly shaped by global cultural norms, consumerist aesthetics, and algorithmic socialization, rather than national-cultural reference points. In Iran, this dynamic has created a visible tension between official state identity projects—centered on Islamic and Persian historical narratives—and digitally mediated identities formed in virtual spaces. Moreover, the proliferation of global cultural content on social media platforms exposes users to competing value systems and alternative modes of self-definition, further deepening the identity gap. The erosion of identity cohesion manifests not only at the symbolic level but also through behavioral patterns, political participation, and social mobilization. Online political actions—such as hashtag activism, digital campaigns, viral protests, and performative dissent—serve as both expressions of identity and as potential security concerns. As these practices grow, the digital citizen challenges traditional notions of citizenship, authority, and belonging, leading to a duality of identity that is spatially (real vs. virtual) and normatively (national vs. global) disjointed. This duality complicates governance and social integration, especially in states where identity is closely linked to political legitimacy and cultural continuity.   Conclusion this research underscores the necessity for rethinking national identity and security strategies in light of global digital transformations. The dichotomy between the cohesive, state-centered identity model and the fluid, network-based identity of the Netizen reveals a growing gap that demands cultural and policy responses. Rather than relying solely on hard security approaches, governments—particularly in societies undergoing rapid modernization—should adopt soft security strategies that acknowledge the inevitability of digital identity formation and seek to engage with it constructively. This includes revising identity policies, investing in digital literacy, and fostering inclusive narratives that resonate with the lived experiences of younger, digitally native populations. As cyberspace continues to redefine the boundaries of identity and community, only those states that can adapt to its socio-cultural logic will be able to maintain cohesion and long-term stability.

Abstract Abstract In the 1960s and 1970s, a new generation of Iranian filmmakers initiated a movement inspired by Italian Neorealism and the French New Wave, later known as the New Wave of Iranian cinema. This article aims not only to explore the socio-political context of its emergence but also to examine how this cinematic trend influenced Iran’s political culture during that period. Cinema is approached here as a cultural mediator capable of symbolizing and reflecting political and social realities, thereby raising public awareness. The findings reveal that the new wave significantly contributed to a growing collective self-awareness among audiences. Through symbolic language and narrative, it challenged the dominant political narratives and introduced critical themes into public discourse. The continuity of this movement in post-revolutionary cinema further attests to its transformative impact. Methodologically, this study relies on library-based sources and the semiotic analysis of selected films, offering a descriptive-analytical account of cinema’s role in shaping Iran’s evolving political culture. Keywords: Iranian New Wave Cinema, Political Culture, Symbolic Representation, Cultural Transformation, Semiotic Analysis.   Introduction The New Wave of Iranian cinema represents a major intellectual and artistic movement that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. Influenced by global cinematic currents such as Italian Neorealism and the French New Wave, this movement sought to break away from the escapist and commercial tendencies of Film Farsi, which dominated Iranian screens at the time. The new generation of filmmakers aimed to turn cinema into a reflective mirror of society, capturing the real struggles, contradictions, and injustices prevalent during the Pahlavi regime. This movement positioned cinema as a potent cultural apparatus, capable of both documenting and shaping public consciousness through symbolism, social realism, and political subtext. Central to this movement was a commitment to revealing hidden dimensions of Iranian life: class disparity, gender discrimination, the clash between tradition and modernity, and political repression. This was especially significant in the pre-revolutionary period when conventional media were tightly controlled. Films produced during this wave often used metaphorical and allegorical forms to evade censorship while still transmitting profound sociopolitical messages. In this sense, New Wave cinema is considered a form of symbolic resistance, contributing not only to cinematic innovation but also to the gradual reshaping of Iran’s political culture.   Materials & Methods The research adopts a qualitative, descriptive-analytical methodology, combining literature review with semiotic analysis of selected cinematic texts. The primary data were gathered through extensive review of secondary sources, including scholarly articles, books, and historical documents on Iranian cinema and political culture. The core of the analysis, however, lies in the semiotic deconstruction of iconic films from the New Wave era. By applying tools from film semiotics, such as the analysis of visual codes, narrative structures, character archetypes, and symbolic imagery, the study deciphers how political ideas were encoded and transmitted to viewers. This methodological framework enables an exploration not just of what the films depicted but how they conveyed their messages — particularly within a censored political environment. Films by directors such as Dariush Mehrjui, Sohrab Shahid Saless, and Bahram Bayzai are central to the study, given their prominent roles in shaping the thematic and aesthetic contours of the new wave.   Discussion & Result The research findings underscore that the New Wave functioned as a cultural rupture, challenging the dominant narratives propagated by state media and commercial cinema. Despite strict censorship, filmmakers succeeded in embedding critiques of social and political conditions into cinematic language. The emergence of symbolic storytelling — including metaphors for authoritarianism, gender roles, alienation, and class conflict — helped audiences interpret their own realities in more complex ways. One of the most notable contributions of the New Wave was its role in broadening public engagement with political culture. By incorporating themes such as civic responsibility, state legitimacy, freedom, and identity, the films offered alternative frameworks for interpreting power relations and social dynamics. As such, the cinema became both an educational and mobilizing force, fostering a form of cultural literacy that emphasized critical reflection and political imagination. Furthermore, the New Wave had a sustained influence on the post-revolutionary Iranian cinema, which continued to address social themes with greater freedom and intensity. In this sense, the impact of the New Wave is best understood not merely in terms of its immediate reception but in how it paved the way for more politically conscious filmmaking in subsequent decades.   Conclusion While the New Wave did not lead to immediate political transformation, it played a foundational role in the evolution of political culture in Iran. Through its innovative use of cinematic language, it helped shape a critical and reflective public sphere. However, due to censorship and limited distribution, its influence remained largely confined to intellectual circles during the 1960s and 1970s. The full significance of the New Wave became more evident after the Islamic Revolution, when Iranian cinema entered a new era of engagement with social and political themes. Many filmmakers who emerged after 1979 drew inspiration from the New Wave’s legacy, continuing its tradition of symbolically charged storytelling and social critique. Ultimately, this movement stands as a testament to the power of art and culture to act as subtle yet persistent forces in shaping national consciousness and political evolution. 

Abstract Abstract Language, which can be considered the most important and complete means of human communication, has an undeniable role in the media landscape. Today, commercial advertising has become an inseparable part of societies. This study examines the representation discourse referents in commercial advertisements based on Lambrecht's informational structure framework. For this purpose288 advertisements from various fields were selected, and different types of discourse referents active, inactive, and semi-active were analyzed. The data collection method involved both library and field research, and the study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach Based on the results, discourse referents in television and internet advertisements are identifiable as semi-active situationally. In radio advertising, which is an auditory medium, these instances are recognized as semi-active and textually accessible. Discourse referents in posters and billboards are identifiable as semi-active situationally and sometimes semi-active and textually accessible. Inactive discourse referents are also observed in radio advertisements and promotional billboards. The findings indicate that the Lambrecht approach in the analyzed advertisements demonstrates effective utility and can enhance communication with the audience. The results of this research can be useful for researchers and experts in communication sciences, practitioners in the advertising field, and language researchers. Keywords: discourse referents, information structure, commercial advertising, Lambrecht.   Introduction Language, as the most sophisticated human communication tool, plays a critical role in media. Advertising is a core aspect of modern communication and relies on effective linguistic strategies to influence consumer behavior. Lambrecht’s information structure theory accounts for the distribution of propositional meaning, cognitive accessibility, and pragmatic functions like topic and focus. This study aims to examine how different types of discourse referents (active, semi-active, inactive) are realized across various advertising.   Materal & Methods Lambrecht (1994) defines Information Structure as a component of sentence grammar that organizes how propositions are packaged based on the speaker's assumptions about the listener's mental state. Unlike purely syntactic or semantic analyses, his model is highly pragmatic and cognitive, focusing on how language users manage discourse referents in real-time communication.At the core of this theory are three key concept Propositional Information – the meaning or assertion a sentence conveys.Mental Activation of Referents – how cognitively accessible an entity is for the listener.Topic-Focus Articulation – the division of a sentence into what is being talked about (topic) and what is being said about it (focus).Discourse referents—expressions that point to entities in the world or discourse—are categorized in Active (currently in focus and easily retrievable),Semi-active (recently mentioned or contextually accessible), and Inactive (stored in long-term memory, requiring reactivation).Lambrecht introduces three types of accessibility for semi-active referents:Situationally accessible (e.g., visually present in the scene)Textually accessible (introduced in prior discourse), and Inferentially accessible (retrieved via background knowledge).Syntactic forms correspond to these categories: zero forms or unstressed pronouns signal active referents, while full noun phrases often mark inactive ones. This gradation reflects how grammar and cognition interactFurthermore, topic is not always the grammatical subject but the referent the sentence is about, often associated with given or presupposed information, whereas focus introduces new, contrastive, or emphasized content. This distinction is central in advertising, where manipulating focus helps attract attention and deliver persuasive content.A corpus of 288 commercial advertisements from diverse domains (e.g., food, cosmetics, insurance, mobile services) was selected. Ads were categorized by medium and analyzed using descriptive-analytical methods. The activation status of referents and their distribution in topic and focus domains were identified using Lambrecht’s model.   Discaussin & Resuit The corpus analysis of 288 advertisements shows that semi-active referents are the most prevalent across all media formats, especially those that are situationally accessible. These referents typically arise through visual context, such as images in TV and internet ads, allowing the audience to easily recognize them without explicit linguistic introduction.Television and Internet Advertisements: These frequently use visual storytelling and contextual cues. Referents such as products, users, or settings become cognitively accessible through imagery. These are classified as semi-active, situationally accessible, and often occupy the focus domain, drawing the viewer's attention.Radio Advertisements: In contrast, the absence of visuals leads to heavier reliance on textually accessible referents. These are introduced and reinforced through speech, requiring more explicit linguistic forms like definite noun phrases or repetitions to maintain clarity.Posters and Billboards. Depending on whether imagery is present, referents vary between situationally accessible and textually accessible. When only slogans are used, the referents tend to be inactive or newly introduced.Topic-Focus Distribution: The data shows that focus domains dominate in commercial ads, reflecting the goal of emphasizing product benefits or novel ideas. Referents in topic positions are fewer and often relate to backgrounded or presupposed information.Referent Realization: Semi-active referents mostly appear as definite noun phrases, while inactive ones are realized through full, often emphasized noun groups. Active referents, such as unstressed pronouns, are rarely used, likely due to the need for clarity in mass communication.Overall, the analysis supports the claim that the linguistic realization of referents is tightly linked to the medium’s modality and communicative function. Lambrecht’s framework allows for a systematic explanation of these choices, revealing how ads are crafted to manage attention, accessibility, and persuasion efficiently.         Conclusion This study has demonstrated that Lambrecht’s (1994) theory of Information Structure offers a powerful framework for analyzing the linguistic construction of commercial advertisements. By focusing on the activation states of discourse referents categorized as active, semi-active, and inactive and their distribution across various media, the research reveals a strong correlation between referent accessibility and media modality.One of the most significant findings is the dominance of semi-active referents, particularly those that are situationally accessible, in advertisements that include visual elements such as television, internet, posters, and billboards. These referents are cognitively available to the audience due to visual context or narrative cues, and therefore do not require explicit linguistic introduction. This enables advertisers to maintain conciseness while still effectively delivering the message.In contrast, in radio advertisements, where visuals are absent, textually accessible referents are more common. These referents must be explicitly introduced and maintained in the discourse using full noun phrases or repetitions, ensuring the audience can track the referents without visual support. Moreover, inactive referents, though less frequent, appear mainly in audio and static visual formats, reflecting their need for strong linguistic marking to be understood.A second important finding concerns the topic-focus distribution of referents. The data shows that referents overwhelmingly appear in the focus domain, aligning with the persuasive and promotional goals of advertisements. Focused elements often convey the “new” or “highlighted” content typically the product or its feature while topics, representing “given” information, are used less frequently.Furthermore, the study confirms that there is no strict one-to-one mapping between the grammatical form and the cognitive status of referents. Although certain patterns exist such as pronouns for active referents and definite noun phrases for semi-active ones the actual usage varies depending on context, intention, and medium.These insights underscore the practical utility of Lambrecht’s model for applied discourse analysis. It provides a systematic method to dissect how meaning is structured, how cognitive accessibility is managed, and how focus is strategically used in commercial language to guide audience attention and facilitate comprehension.Ultimately, the findings suggest that strategically activating referents in semi-active or focus positions enhances the clarity, memorability, and persuasive force of advertising messages. Advertisers can improve communication efficiency and audience engagement by consciously organizing discourse structure according to cognitive principles.This research not only contributes to the field of linguistic pragmatics and discourse analysis but also holds practical value for professionals in media, marketing, and communication studies. By bridging linguistic theory and real-world application, it opens avenues for further exploration of how language shapes consumer perception and behavior across different genres and platforms.

Abstract Abstract The present study aims to identify the key components of news management in Iran's national media when dealing with Persian-language foreign media. This qualitative research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 18 experts in the field of journalism and media. Using thematic content analysis, researchers extracted 221 initial codes, 41 sub-themes, and ultimately 9 core themes. The findings indicate that effective news management in national media depends on enhancing media literacy, first-hand storytelling, strengthening investigative journalism, strategic policymaking, recognizing local media ecology, identifying audience information gaps, timely news production and dissemination, participatory gatekeeping, and organizational performance evaluation. The study concludes that the national media's delay in providing first-hand narratives creates an opportunity for rival media to fill the gap and shape public discourse. To counter this, national media must strengthen its proactive strategies and improve alignment with the informational needs of its audience. Keywords: News Management; Crowdsourcing; Media Literacy; Narrative Journalism; News Gatekeeping. Introduction In the contemporary media ecosystem, national broadcasters are increasingly challenged by foreign media outlets targeting domestic audiences with alternative narratives. In Iran, Persian-language foreign media such as BBC Persian, Iran International, and Voice of America have gained notable traction among certain segments of the population, primarily due to their agility in news delivery, framing strategies, and responsiveness to sociopolitical developments. These outlets often fill the void left by the national media’s delayed or restrained coverage. Against this backdrop, the question arises: how can Iran’s national media manage its news content effectively to maintain narrative control and preserve its legitimacy? This study investigates the critical components required for robust news management in national broadcasting, particularly in the face of informational rivalry with foreign Persian-language channels.   Materials & Methods The study adopted a qualitative methodology using a content-driven thematic analysis framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 experts and practitioners in journalism, communication, and media policy, selected through purposive sampling. These participants included university professors, media managers, journalists, and public relations experts with at least five years of experience in media-related sectors. Data collection was conducted via in-depth interviews, which were transcribed and coded systematically. The coding process followed a three-tiered structure: open coding, categorization into sub-themes, and synthesis into major conceptual categories. In total, 221 open codes were generated, which were organized into 41 sub-themes and eventually consolidated into 9 overarching categories: 1) media literacy, 2) first-hand event narration, 3) investigative journalism, 4) strategic policymaking, 5) local media ecology awareness, 6) audience information gap identification, 7) timely news production and delivery, 8) participatory gatekeeping, and 9) organizational performance evaluation. Reliability was ensured through expert feedback, peer checking, and triangulation with participant reviews.   Discussion & Result The findings underscore several systemic issues and propose actionable insights. First and foremost is the absence of media literacy among both content producers and audiences. The study shows that limited critical evaluation skills among consumers allow rival media to manipulate perceptions through emotional framing or selective emphasis. Enhancing media literacy, both institutionally and publicly, emerged as a foundational element of effective news management. The study also revealed a crucial deficiency in first-hand event narration. National media is often late in addressing key events, allowing foreign media to define the initial narrative framework. Participants emphasized that real-time engagement and presence in breaking news scenarios are essential to establish narrative authority. Investigative journalism was another critical shortfall. Rather than digging into the roots of events, national media tends to focus on surface-level or sanitized reports. Strengthening investigative units within state media could provide deeper, contextualized information that deters audience migration to foreign outlets. Strategic policymaking was identified as underdeveloped. Interviewees pointed out that short-termism, absence of a clear roadmap, and reactive management prevent long-term coherence in editorial practices. A policy-driven framework is essential for aligning news production with broader national objectives and audience expectations. One of the most emphasized areas was the need for understanding the local media ecology. Without a nuanced grasp of socio-cultural diversity and everyday informational demands, the national media continues to lose its relevance. The study highlighted the necessity of tailoring content to ethnic, gender-based, generational, and regional audience segments to maintain legitimacy and avoid alienation. The identification of information gaps was described as a performance indicator. If national media fails to address what the public wants or needs to know, audiences naturally turn to alternatives. Such gaps were shown to contribute directly to declining public trust and increased vulnerability to misinformation. The role of timeliness in news delivery was also emphasized. In an age of digital immediacy, speed is equated with credibility. The study found that structural inertia and excessive bureaucratic processes delay national media’s response to events, reducing its impact and visibility. Another novel contribution of the research was the idea of participatory gatekeeping. This model advocates for decentralized news filtering and production involving citizen journalists, civil society actors, and thematic experts. Participants argued that crowdsourced gatekeeping not only democratizes news production but also improves alignment with public sentiment and reality. Finally, the study highlighted the importance of organizational performance evaluation. Without continuous feedback mechanisms and performance metrics, media organizations fail to adapt to new challenges or rectify recurring errors. Institutional learning and accountability were presented as cornerstones for long-term resilience.     Conclusion The research concludes that Iran's national media must transition from a reactive, top-down news model to a proactive, participatory, and data-driven structure. To resist the influence of Persian-language foreign media and reassert its credibility, the national broadcaster must address systemic deficiencies in timeliness, policy coherence, audience understanding, and investigative reporting. Moreover, national media must recognize that modern audiences are neither passive nor uniform. Content must be contextual, inclusive, and responsive to cultural pluralism and evolving expectations. The integration of media literacy education, participatory content curation, and strategic performance assessment offers a sustainable framework for resilient and competitive news management. If implemented effectively, such an approach would reduce information gaps, counter misinformation, and reinvigorate public trust in the national media’s capacity to inform, represent, and unify.