Document Type : .

Authors

1 Master English language and Literature, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

2 Associate Professor of English Literature and Cultural Studies, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad(corresponding Author )

3 Professor of English and Comparative Literature, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

Abstract

The paper focuses on this fundamental question: has Asgar Farhadi, according to his claim, succeeded in breaking the existing stereotypes about Iran in The Salesman (2015)? The purpose of this qualitative research is to scrutinize the stereotypes Fahradi represented in Salesman. Accordingly, the theoretical framework is Neo-Orientalism. The study field is twofold: first, the movie is scrutinized as a text, including its dialogues, plot and characterization; second, the foreign language critics and viewers on two reliable and popular international film criticism websites are analyzed (Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes, 232 comments). After investigating the images of Iran in Salesman and comparing them with the messages received by the Western audience, it was concluded that Farhadi did not succeed in breaking the existing stereotypes about Iran and Muslims, especially in the representation of women and Iranian society. On the contrary, he reinforced the colonial discourse. Around 45% of the comments on these two websites refer to the concept of stereotypes about the Middle East and Muslims.

Keywords

ابطحی, محمد علی. ( 10 اسفند 1395). "کاش جایزه فرهادی سیاسی باشد".  https://www.pishkhan.com/news/5628 بازیابی 15 شهریور 1396
اسداله شریفی, معصومه.(1397). "بررسی نشانه شناختی فیلم فروشنده". کنفرانس بین المللی مطالعات زبان، ادبیات و فرهنگ
باباسالاری, اردلان. (1397). «همکنشی سینما و ادبیات در فیلم فروشنده اصغر فرهادی و نمایشنامه مرگ فروشنده آرتور میلر». (کارشناسی ارشد), دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی.
تهرانی, مهدی. (6 مهر 1395)." نقد و تحلیل محتوایی فیلم فروشنده ساخته اصغر فرهادی".   https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/611808/  بازیابی 2 فروردین 1400
رضوی گنجی, منیره سادات. وفاداری افراطی خطرناک است: مطالعه ی تطبیقی فیلم فروشنده ساختۀ اصغر فرهادی و نمایشنامه ی مرگ یک فروشنده به قلم آرتور میلر. (کارشناسی ارشد), دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان, 1398
ریاضی، سید ابوالحسن ؛ صالح بلوردی، آنیتا.(1397) " بازنمایی اجتماعی شهر در فیلم فروشنده ". زبان شناسی اجتماعی. 3 (تابستان), 123-110
فرهادی, اصغر. (نویسنده), 1395. فروشنده. مالت-گای, الکساندر و اصغر فرهادی (تهیه کننده), ایران, ممنتو فیلمز (فرانسه), فیلمیران (ایران),
قاسمی‌پور, عرفان. گذار هویت، فرهنگ، و متن در مرگ فروشنده آرتور میلر و فروشنده اصغر فرهادی. (کارشناسی ارشد), دانشگاه کردستان, 1397
قوام, عبدالعلی؛ اسماعیلی, بشیر. (1393). "سیاست خارجی، هالیوود و جریان بازنمایی خاورمیانه پس از یازده سپتامبر". فصلنامه تخصصی علوم سیاسی, 29(زمستان), 138-115
کرم‌اللهی، نعمت‌الله، دهقانی، روح‌الله. (1393). " روش‌شناسی بنیادین نظریه فرهنگی استوارت هال با رویکرد انتقادی". فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی دین و سیاست فرهنگی، 3 (زمستان)، 155-129
گلکار، آبتین ؛ امیری، امیررضا. " بررسی ارجاعات بینامتنی در فیلم فروشندۀ اصغر فرهادی". ادبیات تطبیقی (ویژه نامه نامه فرهنگستان) پاییز و زمستان 1396 - شماره 16 علمی-پژوهشی 113-91
مولوی وردنجانی, آرزو و همکاران. "تحلیل شناختی شیوۀ معناسازی درگفتمان سینما بر پایۀ نظریۀ آمیختگی مفهومی: مطالعۀ موردی فیلم فروشنده." فصلنامه علمی-پژوهشی زبان‌شناسی اجتماعی.شماره سوم (2019): 95-107.
مهدوی, سعید. (9 اسفند 1395). "فروشنده چه فروخت تا اسکار بگیرد"   http://bit.ly/2SemvEg بازیابی 14 اردیبهشت 1400
میرزائی, یاسمن. (1395). مطالعه‌ی تطبیقی نمایشنامۀ مرگ فروشندۀ آرتور میلر و فیلم اقتباسی فروشندۀ اصغر فرهادی. (کارشناسی ارشد), دانشگاه خلیج فارس.  
نوائی, فرزاد و همکاران "بازنمائی فضای معماری در سینمای اصغر فرهادی با رویکرد نشانه شناسی (نمونه موردی: فیلم فروشنده)". باغ نظر1400, -. doi: 10.22034/bagh.2021.258038.4720
Ahangar, Abbas Ali. et al. (2020). "A Critical Study of Socio-Cultural Features Of The Movie The Salesman, Based on Laclau and Mouffe’s Theory." Global Media Journal-Persian Edition 14.2: 22-52.
Al-Zo’by, Mazhar. (2015). Representing Islam in the Age of Neo-orientalism: Media, Politics and Identity. Arab & Muslim Media Research, 8(3) , 217-238.
Allen, Chris. (2010). Islamophobia. University of Birmingham, UK, Asghate.
Artz, Lee Wigle and Mark Pollock, M. A. (1995) . "Limiting the Options: Anti-Arab Images in U.S. Media Coverage of the Persian Gulf Crisis." The U.S Media and The Middle East: Images and Perceptions Edited by Yahya R. Kamalipour. NY: Praeger Publishers.
Ashcroft, Bill and Paul Ahluwalia. (2001). Edward Said. London, Routledg
Behdad, Ali. (2001). "The Power‐ful Art of Qajar Photography: Orientalism and (Self)‐orientalizing in Nineteenth‐century Iran. Iranian Studies, 34(1), 141-151.
Behdad, Ali and Juliet Williams. (2010). "Neo-orientalism." Globalizing American Studies. Edited by Brian T. Edwards and Dilip Parameshwar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 283-299
Behdad, Ali. (2016). Camera Orientalis: Reflections on photography of the Middle East. University of Chicago Press
Campbell, Jane. ()1995. "Portrayal of Iranians in U.S. Motion Pictures." The U.S Media and the Middle East, Edited by Yahya R Kamlipour. New York: Praeger Press.
Carter, Nancy et al.(2014). "The Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Research." Oncol Nurs Forum, 41 (5), 545-7.
Chang, Justin. (26 Jan. 2017) "Asghar Farhadi's The Salesman Plays Out an Emotionally Complex Domestic Tragedy".   https://lat.ms/3vJTT6e Accessed 05 May. 2021
D'Angelo, Mike. (26 Jan. 2017). "Asghar Farhadi puts his spin on Death Wish (sort of) in The Salesman." https://bit.ly/3nRwlto Accessesd 04 May. 2021
Ebiri, Bilge. "Farhadi remains a master dramatist, but The Salesman fails its namesake." (23 Jan. 2017). https://www.villagevoice. com/2017/01/23/farhadi-remains-a-master-dramatist-but-the-salesman-fails-its-namesake/ Accessed 06 Sep. 2017
Edelstein, David. (31 Jan. 2017)."Asghar Farhadi’s The Salesman Is a Gripping Portrait of Life Under a Repressive Regime". http://www.vulture.com/2017/01/movie-review-the-salesman-asghar-farhadi.html
Farhadi, Asghar. (2017). Eighty Ninth Academy Award, "Asghar Farhadi's Speech." Jeniffer and Michael De Luca (Producer). Los Angeles, California.
Farhadi, Asghar. (2017). Interview by Elise Nakhnikian. "Asghar Farhadi on The Salesman, Censorship, & More", https://www. slantmagazine.com/features/ article/interview-asghar-farhadi-on-the-salesman-censorship-and-more Accessed 08 Sep. 2017
Goodykoontz, Bill. (02 Feb.2017). "Must-see The Salesman Makes for Urgent Viewing." https://bit.ly/2PSVHKQ Accessed 01 May. 2021
Green, Todd H. (2015). The Fear of Islam:An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West. Minneapolis, Fortress Press
Howell, Peter. (02 Feb. 2017). "The Salesman Sees Civility Slip as the Ground Shifts." https://bit.ly/2RsGsc0 Accessed 02 May. 2021
Hall, Stuart. (1979). Culture, the media and the “Ideology Effect”. In James, Curran, M. Gurevitch, & J. Woollacott (Eds.), Mass Communication and Society (pp. 315-348). Beverley Hills: Sage.
Hutcheon, Linda and Siobhan O'Flynn. A theory of Adaptation. Routledge, 2013.
Jamshidi, Akram and Esfandiary, Shahab. "Critical Readings of The Salesman in Iran." Observatorio (OBS*) 12.2 (2018).
Kerboua, Salim. (2016). "From Orientalism to Neo-Orientalism: Early and Contemporary Constructions of Islam and the Muslim World". Intellectual Discourse, 24(1), 7-34.
Khalaji, Mostafa, Bronwen Robertson, and Maryam Aghdami. (2011). Cultural Censorship in Iran: Iranian Culture in a State of Emergency. London: SmallMedia,
Kiang, Jessica. (20 May 2016). "Asghar Farhadi’s ‘The Salesman’ Falls Slightly Short of His Best Work." https://bit.ly/2PSW87W Accessed 06 Sep 2017
Lane, Anthony. (30 Jan .2017).“'The Salesman' and 'Split'”. https://bit.ly/3upUxp3 Accessed 03 May. 2021
Moallem, Minoo. (2005). Between Warrior Brother and Veiled Sister: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Politics of Patriarchy in Iran. Berkeley / Los Angeles / London: University of California.
Moore, Roger. (22 Feb. 2017). "Arthur Miller’s Masterpiece Hits Close to Home for Tehran Couple in The Salesman”. https://bit.ly/3b81PX8 Accessed 03 May. 2021
Naficy, Hamid. (1995). "Mediating the Other: American Pop Culture Representation of Postrevolutionary Iran." The U.S. Media and the Middle East. Edited by yaya R Kamalipour. NY: Praeger Publishers
Naficy, Hamid. (2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema, Vol. 4, Durham and London, Duke University Press
Pershing, Diane. (15 Apr. 2017). "International Offerings".   https://bit.ly/3tqPAeD  Accessed 02 Nov. 2017
Pickering, Michael. (2001). Stereotyping: The Politics of Representation. London: Palgrave
Ponzanesi, Sandra. (2014.) The Postcolonial Cultural Industry: Icons, Markets, Mythologies. London, Palgrave Macmillan
Rainer, Peter. (27 Jan. 2017). "The Salesman isn't Director Asghar Farhadi's BestbBut Offers Glints of What Often Makes Him one of Best Directors around" https://bit.ly/3nVjXZC
Said, Edward. (1997). Orientalism. London, Penguin
Said, Edward. (1983). "Traveling Theory". The World, the Text, and the Critic. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
Scat, Anthony Oliver. (26 Jan. 2017). "In The Salesman, Scenes from a Marriage in Tehran." https://nyti.ms/3eniDex  Accessed 04 May. 2021
Swanson, Neely. (25 Jan. 2017). "The Salesman, a Tough Sale". https://bit.ly/3eoRzM1
Tapper, Richard. (2002). "Introduction." The New Iranian Cinema: Politics, representation and identity. Edited by Richard Tapper, London, New York, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd
Thomas, Rob. (2 Apr. 2017). "The Salesman". https://bit.ly/3u4CpB1
Wilkins,  Karin Gwinn. (1995). "Middle Eastern Women in Western Eyes: A Study of U.S. Press Photographs of Middle Eastern Women." The U.S. Media and the Middle East. Edited by Yahya R. Kamalipour. NY, Praeger Publisher
Wilson, Calvin. (9 Feb. 2017). "The Salesman Makes a Solid Pitch". https://bit.ly/2QDyZqo